factors affecting aging process pdf

We identified seven notable risk factors for various skin aging phenotypes: age, gender, ethnicity, air pollution, nutrition, smoking, sun exposure. Non-modifiable risk factors are associated with intrinsic skin aging and cannot be altered, such as age and gender. Aging is a multifactorial process that results in increased risk of a myriad of chronic diseases. Prevalence and determinants for xerosis cutis in the middle-aged and elderly population: A cross-sectional study. Fenske NA, Lober CW. Two subtypes of this disease have been found in the affected individuals, the type I RTS is characterised by poikiloderma and juvenile cataracts is negative for the RECQL4 mutation [78], while the type II RTS, is characterised by poikiloderma, congenital bone defects and an increased risk of osteosarcoma in childhood and skin cancer later in life, is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the RECQ4 helicase gene [78]. WS patients develop normally until puberty; the first sign of disease is absence of the pubertal growth spurt and gonadal atrophy, which results in short stature of the affected adult. Additional factors, such as a doseresponse effect of sunscreen use on skin aging, or interaction between sunscreen use and sun exposure may confound the association between sunscreen use and skin aging. Rosvall L, Rizzuto D, Wang HX, Winblad B, Graff C, Fratiglioni L. APOE-related mortality: effect of dementia, cardiovascular disease and gender. Factors that affect skin aging: A cohort-based survey on twins. In summary, we have conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of skin aging phenotypes and their associated risk factors. Flament F, Bourokba N, Nouveau S, Li J, Charbonneau A. Effect of the sun on visible clinical signs of aging in Caucasian skin. Several articles reported outcomes measured using various methods (invasive, non-invasive, or instrumental measurement); if outcomes obtained via non-invasive assessment methods were reported, the study was included. Conserved seed pairing, often flanked by adenosines, indicates that thousands of human genes are microRNA targets. Article; Open Access; Published: . The accumulation of molecular errors that compromise adult stem cell functions occurs because of genetic and epigenetic interactions and depends on hereditary, environmental, and stochastic factors. Notably, the term pigmentation often referred to changes in pigmentation, dyspigmentation, or the formation of pigment spots; we henceforth refer to this phenotype as dyspigmentation. In this article, skin aging is defined simply as changes to the skin that occur due to aging. Forest plot for skin aging phenotypes and age as a continuous variable. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the PLoS Med 6(7): e1000097. Genetic alterations associated to premature aging phenotypes. This spectrum of clinical features is suggestive of genetic heterogeneity. Wyllie FS, Jones CJ, Skinner JW, Haughton MF, Wallis C, Wynford-Thomas D, Faragher RG, Kipling D. Telomerase prevents the accelerated cell ageing of Werner syndrome fibroblasts. Belinsky SA, Palmisano WA, Gilliland FD, Crooks LA, Divine KK, Winters SA, Grimes MJ, Harms HJ, Tellez CS, Smith TM, Moots PP, Lechner JF, Stidley CA, Crowell RE. Telomeres become critically short after repeated mitotic divisions without adequate telomerase activity, making cells susceptible to apoptosis, death and to a clear increase in mutation [12, 13]. National Library of Medicine The risk factors identified herewith will guide future research, such as genetic association studies, wherein the interplay between environmental influences and genetics are elucidated. 3. Concordant with expectations, we reported four significant pooled estimates above. Yaar M, Eller MS, Gilchrest BA. Wehner MR, et al. For wrinkling due to more than 2h per day versus less than 2h per day, due to various categories reported between studies, only meta-analyses considering a sample with a preponderance of higher sun exposure yielded significant pORs (Fig. Telomeres and telomerase: the path from maize, Tetrahymena and yeast to human cancer and aging. The funding agencies had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This review focussed primarily on odds ratios. Futami K, Ishikawa Y, Goto M, Furuichi Y, Sugimoto M. Role of Werner syndrome gene product helicase in carcinogenesis and in resistance to genotoxins by cancer cells. However, phenotypes considered as skin aging signs or used as measures of skin aging were found to differ between studies. The .gov means its official. Peng F, et al. Since the progression of age results in the inexorable accumulation of effects from intrinsic factors and damage from extrinsic factors37, pooled odds ratio for any given skin aging phenotype with chronological age was likely to be significant. Additionally, interaction between pollutants and UV radiation has been reported: nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and UV radiation56; particulate matter and UV radiation52. IIS is mediated by DAF-2, the insulin/IGF-I receptor. Damage invariably accumulates with age and contributes to the cell dysfunction that characterizes this process, and is clearly influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Collado M, Blasco MA, Serrano M. Cellular senescence in cancer and aging. Another study also found that sleep deprivation led to a perceived increase in facial signs, including hanging eyelids and wrinkling86. Other studies assessed the global face by estimating perceived age (n=5) or conducted digital image analyses (n=19) which offered a more precise and objective measure of outcome (e.g., measurement of total wrinkle length). It has been described in all ethnic groups with a very low prevalence. The authors divided the searching process into three phases, namely identification, screening, and eligibility. Aging is a multifactorial process that is determined by genetic and environmental factors. Full search terms and filters applied for their respective databases are summarised in Table Table1.1. Specific polymorphisms associated with a decrease in plasma IGF-1 concentrations are frequently found in Ashkenazi Jewish centenarians [60, 89, 90], suggesting a role for GH and IGF-1 signaling downregulation in human longevity. Smoking was categorised as smoking status or smoking exposure. One study evaluating facial skin aging in African-Americans, Caucasians, Chinese, and Indians found that skin aging manifests differently between each ethnicity, with dyspigmentation being the predominant skin aging trait in Asians42. The best example of DNA damage as a cause of aging are the progeroid syndromes, which are caused by a deficiency in the mechanisms involved in DNA repair and whose symptoms begin early in life[5, 6]. Stress and subjective age: Those with greater financial stress look older. and transmitted securely. The association of alcohol intake was also examined by multiple studies21,23,35,36,57,6570. For discrete outcomes (e.g., seborrheic keratosis), studies assessed subjects by determining presence or absence (n=14), counting the number of occurrences (n=10), or both counting, then assigning a grade according to the frequency of outcome (n=8). Kirkwood TB. Resveratrol, a plant-derived polyphenol, increases the deacetylase activity of some sirtuins and increases yeast lifespan by nearly 70% [48]. Flament F, Amar D, Forichon M, Caron J, Negre C. Distinct Habits of sun exposures lead to different impacts on some facial signs of Chinese men of different ages. Solar exposure(s) and facial clinical signs of aging in Chinese women: Impacts upon age perception. Park JH, Oh SJ, Lee JH. Intrinsic ageing of the skin occurs inevitably as a natural consequence of physiological changes over time at variable yet inalterable genetically determined rates [2]. Baumann L, et al. Terry DF, Evans JC, Pencina MJ, Murabito JM, Vasan RS, Wolf PA, Kelly-Hayes M, Levy D, DAgostino RB, Sr, Benjamin EJ. Further studies are needed to describe the pathways involved in age-related physiological alteration (hypertension, insulin resistance) and predisposition to age-related pathological changes (cancer, neurodegenerative disease). Vierkotter A, et al. Anway MD, Cupp AS, Uzumcu M, Skinner MK. Model 1 and 2: Ernster et al.36 adjusted for age, BMI, and smoking exposure. Since skin aging was most frequently assessed as individual outcomes, this review examined the individual outcomes, or skin aging signs, as proxy measures of overall skin aging. Telomere shortening is associated with age-related diseases in humans [14], and patients with accelerated aging syndromes show a higher rate of telomere erosion and marked chromosome instability[9]. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype has dissociable effects on memory and attentional-executive network function in Alzheimers disease. Flachsbart F, Caliebe A, Kleindorp R, Blanche H, von Eller-Eberstein H, Nikolaus S, Schreiber S, Nebel A. Middle age is the time when people notice the age-related changes like greying of hair . Certain sirtuins regulate glucose and fat metabolism in mammals [44, 45] by enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis in liver and muscle through the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor- coactivator 1 (PGC-1) [45]; they also govern cell survival by reducing p53 tumor suppressor activity [46, 47]. Defense and repair systems are highly enzyme dependent; the absence or malfunction of a gene necessary for production and activity of these enzymes can lead to accumulation of cell damage, as demonstrated by the progeria syndromes. Differences in skin aging progression between ethnicities have been reported across several studies. As with skin aging and diet associations, no pooled association for skin aging and alcohol consumption could be obtained due to the between-study variation in the quantification of alcohol consumption. Conspicuous extrinsic aging factors were smoking and sun exposure, both of which were significantly associated with multiple skin aging signs and exhibited dose-responses relationships with wrinkling. Progerias are excellent examples of the influence of genetic factors on the aging process, and understanding the mechanisms involved in these pathologies will contribute to the development of new treatments for these patients. Here, the importance of age in skin aging was underscored, and supported an earlier finding that Chinese have exhibit lower wrinkling severity below 40years old but show accelerated skin aging from 40 to 50years old43. Rexbye H, et al. Articles excluded from the review for met at least one of the following criteria: study pertained to non-human subjects (e.g., in-vitro studies, murine experiments); study did not examine any epidemiological exposure factors; epidemiological exposures examined by study were disease or disorders (e.g., cancers, eczema); study examined skin aging signs as risk factors for other clinical conditions; study pertained to non-epidemiological risk factors (e.g., genetic polymorphisms); study quantified skin aging via invasive methods (e.g., skin biopsy) or instrumental skin parameter measurements (e.g., skin pH, trans-epidermal water loss); article focussed on clinical trials. Meta-analyses were conducted on R with the RStudio interface14, using the metafor package15. Ezzedine K, et al. The risk factors of skin aging have been studied previously, using methods of quantifying skin aging. Ashcroft GS, Mills SJ, Ashworth JJ. Machwe A, Xiao L, Orren DK. Twin studies show the impact of hereditary factors in lifespan variation [21, 22], which concur with the wide range of genetic variants involved in aging and age-related diseases described in genome association studies in centenarians[23]. As a person's age increases, a decline in physiological function is observed, which is one of the contributing factors to the development of noncommunicable diseases. Larizza L, Roversi G, Volpi L. Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. Sgonc R, Gruber J. Age-related aspects of cutaneous wound healing: A mini-review. Werner syndrome (WS) is an autosomal recessive progeroid syndrome caused by mutation at WRN, a member of the RecQ helicase family [51], involved in DNA repair systems and replication [5254]. Farage MA, Miller KW, Zouboulis CC, Pirard GE, Maibach HI. The Instituto Universitario de Oncologa is supported by Obra Social Cajastur, Spain. Time of our lives. 1. Alterations have also been located on chromosome 15q26. No pooled odds ratio could be obtained for skin aging and air pollution. Finally, a significant association found for wrinkling and current smoking (pOR 3.21, 95% CI 1.56, 6.58), with non-significant heterogeneity (I2=49.00%, p=0.141) (see Fig. Singh R, Kolvraa S, Bross P, Christensen K, Bathum L, Gregersen N, Tan Q, Rattan SI. Yang W, Hekimi S. Two modes of mitochondrial dysfunction lead independently to lifespan extension in Caenorhabditis elegans. Sun exposure. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Solar lentigines are strongly related to sun exposure in contrast to ephelides. Intrinsic skin aging was attributed to non-modifiable risk factors such as chronological aging and genetic influences, while extrinsic aging was attributed to modifiable extrinsic factors, such as sun exposure and smoking. Huls A, Sugiri D, Fuks K, Krutmann J, Schikowski T. Lentigine formation in Caucasian women-interaction between particulate matter and solar UVR. Being elderly is the greatest risk factor, by orders of magnitude, for cancer, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, dementia and most other degenerative diseases (Kirkwood, 2005).While no single mechanism or pathway fully accounts for age-associated functional decline, one prevailing theory is . Consistent with this, telomere dynamics are important for HSC maintenance [15], telomere shortening impairs adult stem cell function [1618], and telomerase-deficient mice have short telomeres and age prematurely [9]; most strikingly, telomerase-overexpressing mice have longer telomeres and show delayed aging and cancer resistance [19]. These changes can be caused through genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, which are influenced by genes, environmental and stochastic factors; the contribution of each of these factors remains to be determined by future studies. The life-prolonging effect of the daf-2 mutant is suppressed by mutations in daf-16, which is negatively regulated by DAF-2 signaling. Effect of smoking on aging of photoprotected skin: Evidence gathered using a new photonumeric scale. Accessibility Overall, most methods of outcome quantification entailed visual assessment by clinicians or researchers according to arbitrary grading scales (Supplementary Table 1), such as the Daniell wrinkling scale33 and the Beagley-Gibson grading scale for SSM26, both of which were used recurrently in different studies. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Green AC, Hughes MC, McBride P, Fourtanier A. Aging is a complex process that can be described as a group of cellular functions that participate in an integrated way in the process of senescence. 2). Blocking protein farnesyltransferase improves nuclear blebbing in mouse fibroblasts with a targeted Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome mutation. Mice with moderately reduced oxidative phosphorylation have improved glucose homeostasis and live longer [33, 34]. These prevailing attitudes lead to a denial of the signs of aging. Youn CS, et al. Extrinsic skin ageing in German, Chinese and Japanese women manifests differently in all three groups depending on ethnic background, age and anatomical site.

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