which statement regarding unipolar depression is true?

Finally, not all individuals with a history of mania will experience depression. Chen, Heng It is important to note some issues in the measurement of norepinephrine (NE). Distinctions between bipolar and unipolar depression - PMC Developing detailed diagnostic assessments which take account of the symptom profile and course of depressive episodes, similar to the probabilistic approach suggested by Mitchell et al, could potentially identify young adults with depression who may be at high risk of bipolar disorder. "corePageComponentGetUserInfoFromSharedSession": true, Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. Implications for diagnosis and management, The need for a more critical approach to diagnosing depression, Looking to the future: the need for clinical excellence. Further research replicated the findings that mood episodes influence the valence of autobiographical recall in bipolar disorder (Eich, Macaulay, & Lam, 1997). Schneider, C. Cognitive models of depression from a psychobiological perspective. A comparison of Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire dimensions in bipolar disorder and unipolar depression. Parallel with the gender ratio in unipolar depression, bipolar depression is more common among women than men (Leibenluft, 2000). Hlastala SA, Frank E, Mallinger A, Thase ME, Ritenour A, Kupfer DJ. Abrams R, Taylor MA. The performance of depressed and manic patients on some repertory grid measures: A longitudinal study. One of the most important clinical implications of differentiating bipolar from unipolar depression during episodes of depression and before an episode of hypomania/mania has occurred or been recognised relates to the possibility of an earlier and more accurate index of suspicion of bipolar disorder (that is, ensuring bipolar disorder is accorded appropriate weighting within the differential diagnosis and taken into account in the management plan). Explanatory style change during cognitive therapy for unipolar depression. Weissman MM, Myers JK. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. In sum, bipolar and unipolar depression appear comparably tied to psychosocial predictors and neurotransmitter correlates, pointing to a common etiology that would be amenable to similar psychosocial interventions. Similarly, CSF levels of the 5-HT metabolite 5-HIAA of patients with both unipolar and bipolar depression were significantly lower than healthy controls matched for sex, age, and body weight (Asberg et al., 1984). Mania, depression, and mood dependent memory. Wang, Yifeng Although conclusions are limited by problems in measurement instruments, sample definition, and statistical approaches, many differences between unipolar and bipolar depression are not consistent. Malkoff-Schwartz S, Frank E, Anderson B, Sherrill JT, Siegal L, Patterson D, et al. Goldberg JF. This system is the key because of its modulatory role in appetive motivation and goal-directed behaviors. One relatively parsimonious idea is that bipolar disorder can be conceptualized as mania, with or without comorbid depression. Clinical features of major depressive disorder in adolescents and their relatives: Impact on familial aggregation, implications for phenotype definition, and specificity of transmission. Nonetheless, it will be important for studies to control for these important illness and treatment parameters statistically. Bipolar depression is often thought of as more genetic due to the well-established genetic vulnerability for the disorder as a whole. The next sections compare the specific psychosocial findings in unipolar and bipolar depression. The site is secure. The biological basis of an antidepressant response to sleep deprivation and relapse: Review and hypothesis. Abercrombie HC, Schaefer SM, Larson CL, Oakes TR, Lindgren KA, Holden JE, et al. Noiret, Nicolas for this article. A similar effect was elicited in response to the induction of positive and negative moods in non-clinical samples, with mood-congruent memories found to be more easily accessible (Teasdale & Fogarty, 1979; Teasdale, Taylor, & Fogarty, 1980). Barbini et al. Similarly, observed serotonin-induced increases in platelet intracellular calcium in bipolar disorder relative to unipolar disorder has been interpreted to reflect enhanced post-receptor mechanisms in bipolar disorder (Suzuki et al., 2001). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. Jaki, Nenad Unipolar Depression - NCBI Bookshelf - National Center for The results of 11 out of 12 studies indicate that bipolar and unipolar depression are associated with comparable CSF levels of the DA metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA) (Goodwin & Jamison, 1990; Koslow et al., 1983). Cross-study differences in results might be due to changes in gender or episode length over time. We now know, for example, that there is considerable uncertainty about the usefulness of antidepressants in treating bipolar depression. 2016. As a consequence, it appears likely that there will be a slightly broader definition of hypomania - and therefore bipolar disorder - within DSM-5 (www.dsm5.org). Mitchell and colleagues suggest that identifying bipolarity in patients with major depressive disorder will be helpful for future genetic studies but identifying these patients might also be useful in the assessment of new treatments for depression (both pharmacological and psychological) by helping to define more homogeneous groups. In a comparison of PET scans of patients with unipolar and bipolar depression, psychomotor-anhedonia symptoms on the Beck Depression Inventory were associated with higher metabolism in the anterior cingulate and lower metabolism in the right insula, claustrum, basal ganglia, and temporal cortex in both bipolar and unipolar depression. Hence, rates of life events do appear elevated before the onset of bipolar depressive episodes. Otte C, Gold S, Penninx B, et al. We briefly highlight each model below. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Wang, Jiawei To date, only one twin study is available that has considered whether the heritability of depression and mania within bipolar disorder are separable. Types of medication used to treat unipolar depression include: In addition to therapy and medication, certain lifestyle changes can help you manage unipolar depression and lessen its symptoms. These studies are helpful in planning treatment, as they provide information regarding the percentage of individuals who recover or relapse within a given time period. Finally, low self-esteem has been found to predict increases in depression over time (Johnson, Meyer et al., 2000). Social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women. Similar to patients with unipolar depression, patients with bipolar depression exhibit low self-esteem (Ashworth, Blackburn, & McPherson, 1982; Roy, 1991; Scott & Pope, 2003). Social support and self-esteem predict changes in bipolar depression but not mania. Weissman MM, Bland RC, Canino GJ, Fravelli C, Greenwald S, Hwu HG, et al. Sleep parameters in bipolar I, bipolar II, and unipolar depressions. Johnson SL, Darcy K. Depression and mania: Two poles or two dimensions? and Nevertheless, none of these studies compared the effects of cognitive variables for unipolar and bipolar depression. Hence, although findings are not entirely consistent, it may be important to use measures that assess negative cognitions in a less overt manner. Malhi, Gin S. Anergia: When Is a Lack of Energy Cause for Concern? Beyond defining diagnostic inclusion criteria, there are other problems likely to plague researchers in this area. Ahearn EP, Carroll BJ. Huang, Kun-Yi At a broad level, studies can be categorized into retrospective, cross-sectional, and prospective studies. Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Sudol, K. We turn towards a review of course parameters and psychosocial triggers next. Miklowitz DJ, Goldstein MJ, Nuechterlein KH, Snyder KS. Another area of research that could indicate differences between bipolar and unipolar depression is in their reactivity to the social environment. This strategy could usefully be applied in the fields of neuro-imaging, neuroendocrinology and in medication treatment trials. Essential papers on object loss. As such, conclusions must be taken with some degree of caution. In addition to social variables, such as family environment and life stressors, psychological variables, such as personality and cognition, are correlated with symptom severity in bipolar disorder (cf., Hammen, Ellicott, & Gitlin, 1992; Hammen, Ellicott, Gitlin, & Jamison, 1989). View all Google Scholar citations Personality variables in depressed patients and normal controls. Hammen C, Ellicott A, Gitlin M, Jamison K. Sociotropy/autonomy and vulnerability to specific life events in patients with unipolar depression and bipolar disorders. A prospective study of life events. Gottschalk A, Bauer MS, Whybrow PC. In: Johnson SL, Leahy R, editors. : Reply. Hirschfeld RMA, Cross CK. Brown GW, Harris TO. Reilly-Harrington NA, Alloy LB, Fresco DM, Whitehouse WG. The evolving bipolar spectrum. 2016. At this stage, the field remains focused on identifying correlates of episodes, which are then hoped to help reveal mechanisms that will guide course. Miklowitz DJ, Simoneau TL, George EL, Richards JA, Kalbag A, Sachs-Ericsson N, et al. Jones, Lisa Perhaps the cleanest available evidence comes from sleep deprivation studies. Results in diagnostic subgroups and in relation to the recurrence of depression. That is, it is time to consider reorganizing nomenclature to assess mania with and without depression. Although there have been many recent gains in the procedures for studying neurotransmitter regulation, including studies of genetic transporter mechanisms, amphetamine-challenge studies, and for some neuro-transmitters, spectroscopy, these novel approaches have not been applied to direct comparisons of bipolar and unipolar depression. abnormal psych ch 6 Flashcards | Quizlet Support for the same disorder model would be drawn from an absence of replicable differences in biology, course, symptomatology, or psychosocial antecedents of bipolar and unipolar depression. Kupfer D, Weiss BL, Foster FG, Detre TP, Delgado J, McPartland R. Psychomotor activity in affective states. Bennabi, Djamila Nevertheless, differences in methodologies make comparisons across studies difficult. Beigel A, Murphy DL. That is, do depressions within bipolar disorder reflect unique disease processes compared to depressions within unipolar disorder? National Institute of Mental Health. Hostname: page-component-7ff947fb49-6hjgs Before continuing with the review of bipolar depression, it is worth noting that bipolar disorder does not necessarily imply a history of depression. Its best to find a therapist who has experience treating the condition. Experiencing unipolar depression, or major depressive disorder, is different from feeling sad and down from time to time. Depressed mood: A person feels sad or depressed for the majority of the day on most days. Wang HY, Markowitz P, Levinson D, Undie AS, Friedman E. Weingartner H, Cohen RM, Murphy DL, Martello J, Gerdt C. Cognitive processes in depression. Both preclinical and clinical studies suggest that dopamine activity increases in response to sleep deprivation. Unipolar and bipolar depression: different or the same? and Coyne JC, Whiffen VE. Major depressive disorder. In a recent study of 67 twins, McGuffin et al. Sometimes bipolar disorder is misdiagnosed as unipolar depression. The clinical features of bipolar depression: A comparison with matched major depressive disorder patients. Cognitive therapy follows four phases and usually requires fewer than _____ sessions. In parallel, depression with and without mania could be seen as the same disorder. Email: Copyright Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2011. Divalproex sodium increases plasma GABA levels in healthy volunteers. A more precise evaluation might measure episodes, using structured symptom interviews and standardized cut-offs, such as those for remission, recovery, relapse, and recurrence (Frank et al., 1991). Seligman MEP, Castellon C, Cacciola J, Schulman P, Luiborsky L, Ollove M, et al. Strakowski SM, Stoll AL, Tohen M, Faedda GL, Goodwin DC. Motivation, emotion, and goal direction in neural networks. Specifically, unipolar depression is associated with more prevalent anxious mood states, activity, and somatization, suggesting a pattern of greater anxiety. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. Only in recent history have mood disorders been divided into syndromes of mania and depression. Liebers, David T. Similarly, in unipolar disorder, after controlling for age and chronicity, social support was significantly more associated with recovery from a depressive episode (Veiel, Kuehner, Brill, & Ihle, 1992). Wendy Wisner is a health and parenting writer, lactation consultant (IBCLC), and mom to two awesome sons. It causes severe symptoms that affect how a person feels, thinks, and handles daily activities, such as sleeping, eating, or working. Dopamine D2, D3, and D4 receptor and transport gene polymorphisms and mood disorders. Effects of induced elationdepression on the accessibility of memories of happy and unhappy experiences. Longitudinal measurement of thyrotropin, TH, cortisol, prolactin, GH, and LH during sleep and sleep deprivation. Social desirability and bipolar affective disorder. Although much research has compared unipolar and bipolar disorders, the majority of these studies have focused on bipolar disorder as a whole, without differentiating mania and depression. von Zerssen D. Melancholic and manic types of personality as premorbid structures in affective disorders. If you are experiencing symptoms, especially if you are having thoughts of self-harm or suicide, its imperative that you receive prompt treatment. and transmitted securely. Epidemiology of affective categories. Rolin D, Whelan J, Montano C. Is it depression or is it bipolar depression? Drawing on the strong evidence that mania is biologically driven, bipolar depression has been seen as more endogenous than unipolar depression. and Stress factors in affective diseases. Lu, Fengmei The tridimensional personality questionnaire as a predictor of six-month outcome in first episode mania. Post-mortem studies of 5-HT uptake sites in the frontal cortex revealed lower concentrations of 5-HT uptake sites in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression (Leake, Fairbairn, McKeith, & Ferrier, 1991). Both postmortem and antemortem studies reveal altered 5-HT receptor sensitivity and/or density (see review by Markou, Kosten, & Koob, 1998; Yatham et al., 2000). Given this, a key question becomes which variables predict the course of mania versus depression. An intriguing question is whether personality traits predict the course of illness in bipolar depression. If our nomenclature had categorized depression with anxiety as a single disorder, our knowledge about unique risk factors for each would be far less. Gordon-Smith, Katherine Heerlein A, Richter P, Gonzalez M, Santander J. Stressful life events and schizophrenia: II. Differences in symptom severity are equally unclear. In addition, anomalies in the dopamine 4 (D4) receptor gene have been associated with both bipolar disorder and unipolar depression (Manki et al., 1996). Haffen, Emmanuel Its important that if you are having signs of depression, you receive a proper diagnosis from a medical professional, who will determine if you are experiencing unipolar depression or bipolar depression. In: Levine DS, Leven SJ, editors. Do these data on co-occurrence of mania and depression within individuals and within families provide a strong rationale for considering these syndromes to be the result of one disease process? Other issues are likely to handicap the interpretation of retrospective studies. Akiskal and Pinto (1999) and Angst (1978) and have taken the extra step of defining several subtypes of bipolar disorder, such as mania and mild depression or bipolar I 1/2 (protracted hypomania) and bipolar II 1/2 (cyclothymic temperament and major depression). Zhang, Huangbin It may present particular challenges within primary care, with many general practitioners holding a view that diagnosing bipolar disorder goes beyond their remit. Seminal work on depression and life events suggests that 50% of people with unipolar depression experienced a severe independent life event in the period preceeding the episode (Brown & Harris, 1978). A less disabling form of unipolar depression is known as: A. manic disorder B. bipolar disorder C. dysthymic disorder D. mild depression C. ___ is the medication that first brought hope to those suffering from bipolar disorders. Ganna, Andrea A similar model could be applied to depression and mania, with depression conceptualized as the same disorder regardless of the lifetime presence of mania. Bauer MS, Whybrow PC, Gyulai L, Gonnel J, Yeh HS. Donnelly EF, Murphy DL, Goodwin FK. Laurent, Eric Two large areas of psychosocial research in bipolar disorder have focused on the role of expressed emotion and negative life events, both of which are associated with an increased risk of relapse (Ellicott, 1989; Johnson & Roberts, 1995; Miklowitz, Goldstein, Nuechterlein, & Snyder, 1988; Priebe, Wildgrube, & Muller-Oerlinghausen, 1989). Reference Sachs, Nierenberg, Calabrese, Marangell, Wisniewski and Gyulai18 Most symptom severity scales used in depression screening do not provide a diagnosis, and regardless, a clinical interview is necessary to clarify which depressive disorder is present and to address the differential diagnosis. That is, vulnerability factors for both mania and depression are presumed to be fairly constant. Segal ZV, Gemar M, Williams S. Differential cognitive response to a mood challenge following successful cognitive therapy or pharmacotherapy for unipolar depression. Most studies perform a large number of separate statistical tests, comparing each individual symptom between unipolar and bipolar depression. and An important advantage of such within-subject designs is that it allows for control over differences in individual vulnerability to episodes. Perris H. Life events and depression: Part 2. 2020. Nevertheless, the onset of depression was not examined separately. Hfle, O. Low dimensional chaos in bipolar disorder? Bipolar outcome in the course of depressive illness: Phenomenologic, familial, and pharmacologic predictors. Beyond this, we may need to acknowledge that depression, at least as defined by DSM, is a diagnostic concept that may be so heterogeneous as to be of limited value in both research and much of clinical practice. Hoche, one of Kraepelins critics, pointed out, If the term manicdepressive is meant as a theoretical expression of the close internal relationship of the two opposite poles of affectivity, then there are no objections to raise against it. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. We begin by describing the literature on dopamine and norepinephrine activity in unipolar and bipolar depression, and then describe evidence regarding the regulation of these transmitters.1. Unipolar Depression: What Does This Diagnosis Mean? - WebMD Taking treatment trials as an example, it is interesting to speculate that many previous trials of antidepressants for major depression may have been compromised because they included patients with major depressive disorder with subdiagnostic (but clinically important) features of bipolar disorder. Traskman L, Asberg M, Bertilsson L, Sjostrand L. Monoamine metabolites in CSF and suicidal behavior. Do life events exert the same magnitude of effect for bipolar and unipolar depression? Unipolar and bipolar affective illness: Differences in clinical characteristics accompanying depression. government site. That is, both unipolar and bipolar depression seem parallel in their links with decreased prefrontal cortex activity, as well as changes in amygdala activity. Garcia-Amador, M. In order to receive a diagnosis of unipolar depression, you will need to be evaluated by a doctor or psychiatrist. This separate branch includes both mania and bipolar depression on the bipolar branch, rather than depression without mania, depression and mania, and monopolar mania. 2017. Suzuki K, Kusumi I, Sasaki Y, Koyama T. Serotonin-induced platelet intracellular calcium mobilization I various psychiatric disorders: Is it specific to bipolar disorder? Brent, D.A. Demonstrating equal efficacy becomes more important in light of the fact that mood stabilizers used to treat mania are not as effective for depression (Hlastala et al., 1997). Attentional allocation processes in individuals at risk for depression. In one large-scale, case-register study including data from 38000 participants internationally, the age of onset for bipolar disorder was 6 years younger than for that of unipolar depression (Weissman et al., 1996). This is not merely a matter of academic interest but has potentially far-reaching implications for the clinical assessment and management of large numbers of patients with depression worldwide. Stephen M. Stahl Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology Published online: 20 May 2022 Article Treatment of bipolar depression Laura Musetti, Claudia Del Grande, Donatella Marazziti and Liliana Dell'Osso CNS Spectrums Published online: A fundamental issue involves measurement of episodes and their duration. Wu J, Bunney WE. Tracy A, Bauwens F, Martin F, Pardoen D, Mendlowicz J. Attributional style and depression: A controlled comparison of remitted unipolar and bipolar patients. Findings for sleep (Brockington et al., 1982; Giles, Rush, & Roffwarg, 1986; Kuhs & Reschke, 1992; Mitchell et al., 2001), anger (Beigel & Murphy, 1971; Brockington et al., 1982; Gurpegui et al., 1985), psychomotor retardation (Mitchell et al., 1992, 2001; Parker, Roy, Wilhelm, Mitchell, & Hadzi-Pavlovi, 2000), psychosis (Beigel & Murphy, 1971; Black & Nasrallah, 1989; Breslau & Meltzer, 1998; Brockington et al., 1982; Guze, Woodruff, & Clayton, 1975; Mitchell et al., 2001; Parker et al., 2000), melancholia (Coryell et al., 1989; Endicott et al., 1985; Parker et al., 2000), and mood reactivity (Brockington et al., 1982; Mitchell et al., 2001; Parker et al., 2000) were not consistent across studies. 2015. Katz MM, Robins E, Croughan J, Secunda S, Swann A. Behavioural measurement and drug response characteristics of unipolar and bipolar depression. This, in turn, could influence the choice of treatment used; for example, perhaps towards more cautious and judicious use of antidepressants and a greater use of psychoeducational approaches, other psychological treatments or even mood stabilisers. 2015. "useRatesEcommerce": true This unitarian view of bipolar disorder codified a distinction between bipolar depression and unipolar depression, even though episodes of depression are common to bipolar and unipolar disorders. We believe that the gaps in considering these fundamental dimensions of depression heterogeneity have been guided by the failure to label lifetime depression as a distinct feature from mania within bipolar disorder. It is worth noting that although the criteria for bipolar I disorder do not require an episode of depression, the criteria for bipolar II disorder require at least one episode of depression. Manki H, Kanba S, Muramatsu T, Higuchi S, Suzuki E, Matsushita S, et al. Diagnosis. Oquendo, M.A. Total loading time: 0 Studies of both intracellular mechanisms and sleep deprivation suggest that people with a lifetime history of mania may have deficits in the ability to regulate neurotransmitters in the face of a challenge. Prospective designs are also advantageous in that with typically shorter time intervals for assessment, they are less likely to be associated with errors in memory than are retrospective designs. Ebert D, Feistel H, Barocks A, Kaschka WP, Pirner A. SPECT assessment of cerebral dopamine D. Eich E, Macaulay D, Lam RW. Kvi, Zsuzsanna Interpersonal factors in the origin and course of affective disorders. Baumgartner A, Riemann D, Berger M. Neuroendocrinological investigations during sleep deprivation in depression: II. Wang, Wei Chopard, Gilles Depression (also known as major depression, major depressive disorder, or clinical depression) is a common but serious mood disorder. In one study, participants with remitted bipolar disorder reported higher self-esteem than remitted participants with unipolar depression (Ashworth, Blackburn, & McPherson, 1985). Both theory and empirical observations of mood disorders point to the importance of regulatory deficits involving dopamine or norepinephrine (Depue & Zald, 1993; Ebert & Berger, 1998; Gottschalk, Bauer, & Whybrow, 1998; Howland & Thase, 1999; Prange, Wilson, Lynn, Alltop, & Stikeleather, 1974; Spoont, 1992; Winters, Scott, & Beavers, 2000). Course of illness and pattern of recurrences in patients with affective disorders during long-term lithium prophylaxis: A retrospective analysis over 15 years. Breslau N, Meltzer HY. Unipolar depression is challenging, but treatment is effective and can allow you to find happiness and thrive. APA Dictionary of Psychology. Increased G. These predictive studies go much further than trying to prove the null hypotheses by demonstrating parallel processes within both groups. The resultant high risk of type I errors could contribute to inflated reports of symptom differences. Manji HK, Chen G, Shimon H, Hsiao JK, Porrer WZ, Belmaker RH. Indeed, neuroimaging studies suggest a great deal of overlap in the brain regions involved in unipolar and bipolar depression. Maes M, Meltzer HY. Unipolar depression is a term used interchangeably with major depressive order, and is characterized by continuous feelings of sadness, low mood, feelings of worthlessness, lack of interest in activities you used to enjoy, as well as suicidal ideation. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. In: Cloninger RC, editor. We consider the relatively few studies that provide polarity-specific information within bipolar disorder. Schildkraut JJ. For many years, the assumption was that unipolar depression is a reaction to life stressors, whereas bipolar depression is an unfolding of endogenous, biological processes. 2020. Wang, Yifeng Johnson S, Meyer B, Winett C, Small J. Virtually all antidepressant medications and mood stabilizers affect second messenger systems, and mood stabilizers alter the activity of all three intracellular second messenger systems (Ackenheil, 2001). Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. For example, studies have found that adding exercise into your daily routine can help mitigate and treat your symptoms. Support for both classes of theories have been obtained within unipolar and bipolar depression (Howland & Thase, 1999). Especially in case-register studies, data are often limited to the number and duration of hospitalizations, and these indices are assumed to index number and duration of episodes. Before beginning a review of the literature, we define theoretical models that may help organize the research literature. Demontis MG, Fadda P, Devoto P, Martellotta MD, Fratta W. SD increases dopamine D. Depue RA, Monroe SM. Cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of bipolar and unipolar depressed groups on the MMPI. Depression and mania from neurobiology to treatment. Clinical and research implications of the diagnosis of dysphoric or mixed mania or hypomania. Mathews R, Li PP, Young LT, Kish SJ, Warsh JJ. Waters, Allison M. High intracellular calcium concentrations in transformed lymphoblasts from subjects with bipolar I disorder. and For example, previous findings have suggested that 22% of individuals hospitalized for mania display at least 3 accompanying depressive symptoms (Akiskal et al., 1998; McElroy et al., 1992). Mitchell P, Wilhelm K, Parker G, Austin MP, Rutgers P, Malhi GS. Johnson SL, Kizer A. Bipolar and unipolar depression: A comparison of clinical phenomenology and psychosocial predictors. Family and interpersonal psychotherapies, two well-studied interventions for bipolar disorder, have been found to alleviate depression, but not mania (Frank et al., 2000; Miklowitz et al., 2000). Validity of subtyping psychotic depression: Examination of phenomenology and demographic characteristics. Howland RH, Thase ME. Akiskal HS, Hantouche EG, Bourgeois ML, Azorin JM, Sechter D, Allilaire JF, et al. Ahearn and Carroll (1996) reported no significant differences in episode severity as measured using symptom interviews between bipolar and unipolar depression, with the exception of bipolar depressed participants exhibiting greater short-term mood variability.

Is Suffolk Law A Good School, Articles W

which statement regarding unipolar depression is true?

which statement regarding unipolar depression is true?

how many marinas are there in the world