colonies that welcomed the widest variety of immigrants were

On board theMayflower, which wasaiming farther southbut landed on the tip of Cape Cod, Bradford and forty other adult men signed the Mayflower Compactwhich presented a religious rather than an economic rationale for colonization. Like Indians, some Africans sought solace in the ChristianityEuropeans imposed on them. In the 1630s, the Puritans in Massachusetts and Plymouth allied themselves with the Narragansett and Mohegan people against the Pequot, who had recently expanded into southern New England. In 1675, war broke out when Susquehannock warriors attacked settlements on Virginias frontier, killing English planters and destroyingplantations, including one owned by Bacon. History 8th - early 5th century BC: Greek settlement Flag of the European Union In Archaic Greece, trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes from the Balkans and Asia Minor propagated Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins. In the Caribbean and the southern NorthAmerican colonies,adoption ofcash cropssuch assugar and tobaccocreated an insatiable demand for cheap labor. Many joinednatives who had also fledEuropean controland some formed communities that have lasted into themodern era. Othersadhered to traditional ways, following spiritual leaders such asVodunpriests. John Eliot, the leading Puritan missionary in New England, urged natives in Massachusetts to live in praying towns established by English authorities for converted Indians. In Jamaica and elsewhere, runaway slaves created maroon communities, groups that resisted recapture and eked out a living from the land, rebuilding their communities as best they could. In 1640, they published the first book in North America, the Bay Psalm Book. Traveling French fur traders and missionaries ranged far into the interior of North America, exploring the Great Lakes region and the Mississippi River. The change in the status of Africans in the Chesapeakeslavery based on raceoccurred in the last decades of the seventeenth century. Spanish priests insisted that natives discard their old ways entirely and angered the Pueblo by focusing on converting the children, drawing them away from their parents. Before Corts ever marchedfrom Veracruz toTenochtitlnin 1519,Juan Ponce de Len had claimed the area around todays St. Augustine for the Spanish crownin 1513, naming the land Pascua Florida (Feast of Flowers, or Easter) for the nearest feast day. Chesapeake colonists also enslaved native people, when they could capture them. As European settlements grew throughout the 1600s, European goods flooded into native communities. Unwilling to conform to the Church of England, many Puritans found refuge in the New World. During the colonial period,New England mariners sailing New Englandmade shipsfished and whaledin both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Like theseries ofwarsthe Virginia colony fought against the Powhatan, northern colonies werefrequently at war with their Indian neighbors. Soon native people were usingcommercially-acquired manufactured goodsin the same waysas the Europeans. The elongated colony served primarily as a fur-trading post, with the powerful Dutch West India Company controlling all commerce. They were confident that those who came to the United States would fit into that burgeoning, diverse, democratic society. In the 1500s, some of the earliest objects Europeans introduced to Indians were glass beads, copper kettles,metal utensils, knives, and guns. French fishermen, explorers, and fur traders made extensive contact with the Algonquiannatives. Immigrants to colonial Georgia came from a vast array of regions around the Atlantic basinincluding the British Isles, northern Europe, the Mediterranean, Africa, the Caribbean, and a host of American colonies. To entice even more migrants to the New World, the Virginia Company also implemented a headright system,offering menwho paid their own passage to Virginiafifty acres plus an additional fifty for each servant or family member they brought with them. In return, indentured servants received paid passage to America, food, clothing, and lodging. Seventeenth-century French and Dutch colonies in North America were modest in comparison to Spains global empire. The tide of overseas Chinese immigration that had continued for more than 300 years was interrupted. Iron awls made the creation of shell beads much easierandallowed arapidincrease in the production of wampum, used in ceremonies and as jewelry. Overview The old and the new came into sharp conflict in the 1920s. Nothing was cheaper than the forced labor of slaves who could be worked to death, soafter 1600, the movement of Africans across the Atlantic accelerated. Under thesesystems, authoritiessometimesassigned Indian workers to mine and plantation owners with the understanding that the recipients would defend the colony and teach the workers the tenets of Christianity. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Bacon and his followers, who saw all Indians as an obstacle to their access to land,advocateda policy of extermination. To meet these labor demands, early Virginians relied on indentured servants. In 1613, the settlers captured Pocahontas (also calledMatoaka), the daughter of Wahunsenacawh,who the English called Chief Powhatan. multimedia resources on Castillo de San Marcos, Ignacio_Maria_Barreda_-_Las_castas_mexicanas, 2880px-Baptista_Boazios_Map_of_Sir_Francis_Drakes_Raid_on_St._Augustine_(published_in_1589)_(8879100326), New_Amsterdam_and_its_people;_studies,_social_and_topographical,_of_the_town_under_Dutch_and_early_English_rule_(1902)_(14765778532), 1635_Blaeu_Map_of_New_England_and_New_York_(1st_depiction_of_Manhattan_as_an_Island)_-_Geographicus_-_NovaBelgicaetAngliaNova-blaeu-1635, Large_Broadside_on_the_Maryland_Toleration_Act, 1600px-Tribal_Territories_Southern_New_England, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Other Puritan leaders, such as the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, John Winthrop, came from the privileged class of English gentry. According to Horne, natural bounty, economic opportunity, and religious liberty awaited anyone willing to make the journey. When dissenterssuch asPuritan minister Roger Williamsandspiritual advisor (women could not be ministers)Anne Hutchinson challenged Governor Winthrop in Massachusetts Bay in the 1630s, they were banished. Like Indians, some Africans sought solace in the ChristianityEuropeans imposed on them. Immigration plummeted during the global depression of the 1930s and World War II (1939-1945). Slave law claimed that children inherited the status of their mother, a law that enabled enslavers to control the reproductive functions of their enslaved women laborers. Their Servants, they distinguish by the Names of Slaves for Life, and Servants for a time. Different labor systems also distinguished early Puritan New England from the Chesapeake colonies. How did Bacons Rebellion change the Virginia colonys attitude toward slavery? In May 1637, the Puritans attacked a large group of several hundred Pequot along the Mystic River in Connecticut. Most were poor young men in their early twenties. Most European tracts boosting the Americas promisedtemperate climates andfertile soils (Captain John Smiths Description of New England was an exception. They were optimistic and welcoming, two admirable traits we appear ready to abandon. Anne Hutchinson was also prosecuted by Puritan authorities for her criticism of the evolving religious practices in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Worse, Governor Berkeley tried to keep peace in Virginia by signing treaties with various local native peoples. However, after 1880, large numbers of Jewish immigrants fleeing anti-Semitism, economic changes and political repression in Russia and Eastern Europe started immigrating to Britain . Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space! Troubles in England escalated in the 1640s when civil war broke out, pitting Royalist supporters of King Charles I and the Church of England against Puritan reformers and their supporters in Parliament. Its size was almost entirely the result of migration from Europe, Africa, and other American colonies. The Dutch Republic emerged as a center of commerce in the 1600s. Chesapeake colonists also enslaved native people, when they could capture them. Inthe Chesapeake colonies, they faced a lifetime of harvesting and processing tobacco. The English had no prior experience with slavery, since it did not exist in Britain. US History I: Precolonial to Gilded Age by Dan Allosso is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. More than 90 percent of Caribbean immigrants came from five countries: Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Haiti, and Trinidad and Tobago (see Table 1). The Indians tolerated thenewcomersbecause their numbers were modest and because the Frenchsupplied them with firearms for their ongoing warswith the Iroquois,who received weapons from their Dutch trading partners. The increasing reliance on slaves in the tobacco coloniesand the draconian laws instituted to control themnot only helped planters meet labor demands, but also assuaged English fears of further uprisings and alleviated class tensions between rich and poor whites. Racial separation also lessened the possibility of further alliances between black and white workers. The Wampanoagalliedwith the Nipmuck,Pocumtuck, and Narragansettto drive the English from the land. Two years later, another Virginia law stipulated that all Africans brought to the colony would be slaves for life. Province of New York. As new settlers arrived, the colony of New Netherland stretched farther to the north and the west. Anne Hutchinson was also prosecuted by Puritan authorities for her criticism of the evolving religious practices in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. To the horror of their native allies, the Puritans massacred all but a handful of the men, women, and children they found. How did the colonists of Virginia differ from the colonists of New England? Wampanoag leader Metacomet (known as King Philip among the English), the son ofthe chiefwho had made peace with the Pilgrims, was determined to stop the encroachment. Protestants emphasized literacy so that everyone could read the Bible. In the ensuing conflict, called King Philips War, native forcesattacked farms and settlements throughout Massachusetts, endangering up tohalf of the frontier Puritan towns. But as a result ofthe environments they encountered in America, while the Englishplantersin Virginia and Maryland worked on expanding their profitable tobacco fields, the English in New England crowded together in townswhere small farmers and artisansbuilt more egalitarian communitiesfocused on church and trade. The first group of Puritans to make their way across the Atlantic was a small contingent known as the Pilgrims. Africans enslaved other Africans as war captives, for crimes, and to settle debts; they generally used their slaves for domestic and small-scale agricultural work, not for growing cash crops on large plantations. The Dutch West India Company found the business of colonization in New Netherland to be expensive. Bacons Rebellion helped spur the adoption of racial slavery in the Chesapeake colonies. While slavery was slower to take hold in the Chesapeake colonies, by the end of the seventeenth century, both Virginia and Maryland had also adopted slavery as the dominant form of labor to grow tobacco. While Africans had long practiced slavery among their own people, it had not been based onrace. However, as race increasingly became a marker of slavery, even the children of free white women could be vulnerable to enslavement. Hundreds were accused of witchcraft in Puritan New England, including people whose eccentric habits or unusual appearance bothered their neighbors. Newe describes deadly disease, war with Native Americans, and unprepared colonists. Instead, she was sentenced to a lifetime of slavery. Colonies that welcomed the widest variety of immigrants. New Englands colonists discovered their new home was much less heavily occupied, but also less hospitable. IntheSpanish, French, and EnglishCaribbean, they were typically worked to deathin three to six years on sugar plantations. On the eastern seaboard, the four distinct English regions were New England, the Middle Colonies, the Chesapeake Bay Colonies (Upper South), and the Southern Colonies (Lower South). In the 1500s, some of the earliest objects Europeans introduced to Indians were glass beads, copper kettles,metal utensils, knives, and guns. There seemed no end to their expansion. Female indentured servants faced special dangers in what was essentially a bachelor colony. Everywhere, Africans resisted slavery, and running away was common. Women, seen as more susceptible to the Devil because of their supposedly weaker constitutions, made up the vast majority of suspects and victims of trial and execution. This deep insult, combined with an extended period of drought and increased attacks by their rivals the Apache and Navajo in the 1670s, inspiredthe Pueblo totry topush the Spanish and their religion from the area. By June 1610, the few remaining settlers had decided to abandon the area; only the last-minute arrival of a supply ship from England prevented another failed colonization effort like the lost colony of Roanoke thirty years earlier. Free people were unwilling towork in thebrutal conditions of a Barbados sugar plantationor a Virginia tobacco operation, andplanters found theycould maximize their profits by minimizing their labor costs. Puritan New England offered them the opportunity to live as they believed the Bible demanded, but alsoto achievethe status andsocialmobility they were denied in England. Some Africans who converted to Christianity became free landowners with white servants. In Massachusetts, Governor Winthrop noted her death as the righteous judgment of God against a heretic. Formerly weaker groups, if they had access to European metal and weapons, suddenly gained the upper hand against once-dominant rivals. a. an unquenchable thirst for labor The largest number of immigrants to the American colonies in the eighteenth century were d. Scots-Irish. New Englands labor system produced remarkable results, notably a powerful maritime-based economy with scores of oceangoing ships and the crews necessary to sail them. Many Puritans left New England and returned home to take part in the struggle against the king and the national church. Ultimately, the Germans and Irish assimilated into US culture and society and became two of the most successful immigrant groups in the country. ManyIndiansabandoned their animal-skin clothing in favor of European textiles. THE CAROLINAS On the Great Plains,wildhorsesdescended fromescapeesofconquistadorherds increased the mobility ofthe Indians and changed the ways they hunted bison and waged war. Farther west, theViceroyalty of New Spain(Mexico) looked north to expand its territory into the land of the Pueblo Indians. Despite an early friendship with Virginias royal governor, William Berkeley, Bacon found himself excluded from the governors circle of influential friends and councilors. At the end of their indenture servants received freedom dues of food and other provisions to begin their lives as colonial settlers. Robert Hornes wanted to entice English settlers to join the new colony of Carolina. In many of the horse-cultures that developed on the plains, the status of women(whoas farmershad been theprimary providers offood) decreased substantially. The promise of a new life in America was a strong attraction for members of Englands underclass who had fewoptions at home. Promoters of English colonization in North America, many of whom never ventured across the Atlantic, wrote about the bounty the English would find there. The English crown chartered the Royal African Company in 1672, giving the company a monopoly over the transport of African slaves to the English colonies. Thousands of unmarried, unemployed, and impatientyoung Englishmen, along with a few Englishwomen, pinned their hopes for a better life on the tobacco fields of these two colonies. A new type of racial hatred became a defining feature of Indian-English relationships in the NortheastandNew Englanders still tell stories of the Indian war that nearly succeeded. Once sold to traders, all slaves sent to America endured the hellish Middle Passage,atransatlantic crossingthattook one to two months. Dutch, French, German, and Swedish immigrants in the colonies spoke English and were otherwise indistinguishable from the children and grandchildren of English settlers, although in Albany, where the Dutch predominated, it was difficult to assemble an English-speaking jury, and several counties in Pennsylvania were overwhelmingly German-speaking. In Chesapeake Bay, English migrants who established Virginia and Maryland hoped to find gold but quickly discovered that growing tobacco was the only sure means of making money. On the island of Barbados, colonized in the 1620s, English planters first grew tobacco as their main export crop. During the 1500s, Spain expanded its colonial empire to the Philippines in the Far East and to areas in the Americas that later became the United States. Wealthy whites worried over the presence of this large class of laborers and the relative freedom they enjoyed, as well as the alliance that black and white servants had forged in the course of the rebellion. The second largest pre-Revolutionary European immigrant group. Nonetheless,indentured servants who completed their terms of service often began new lives as tobacco planters. When the first Africans arrived in Virginia in 1619, their treatment resembled indenture more than chattel slavery, which legally defined Africans as property and not people. Bradford and the other Pilgrim Separatists represented a major challenge to the prevailing vision of a unified English national church and empire. The most notorious cases occurred in Salem Massachusetts in 1692. By 1625, more than 325,800 Africans had been shipped to the New World, though many thousands perished during the voyage. While many Americans celebrated the emergence of modern technologies and less restrictive social norms, others strongly objected to the social changes of the 1920s. Unlike the exodus of young males to the Chesapeake colonies, these migrants arrived in families with young children and university-trained ministers. Fort Amsterdam, on the southern tip of Manhattan Island, defended the growing city of New Amsterdam. In this harrowing description of the Middle Passage, Olaudah Equiano described the terror of the transatlantic slave trade. Inthe Chesapeake colonies, they faced a lifetime of harvesting and processing tobacco. He kept a journal describing their experiences; in the excerpt below, he reports on the privations of the colonists third winter. Colonies that welcomed the widest variety of immigrants were the most prosperous The rate of population growth of Africans to colonial society was even more dramatic than that of Europeans To share some of the costs, itrewardedDutch merchants who invested heavilywithpatroonships, or large tracts of land and the right to govern the tenants there. The leader of the rebels, Nathaniel Bacon, was a wealthy young Englishman who had arrived in Virginia in 1674. Literate Puritan women like Hutchinson(who ironically was the daughter of an Anglican priest)presented a challenge to the male ministers authority. In 1655, Englandtook the much larger islandof Jamaica from the Spanish and quickly turned it into a lucrative sugar island, using slave labor. With the authorization of King Philip II, Spanish nobleman Pedro Menndez led an attack on Fort Caroline, killing most of the colonists and destroying the fort. The elongated colony served primarily as a fur-trading post, with the powerful Dutch West India Company controlling all commerce. director-general of the North American settlement from 1647 to 1664, expanded the fledgling outpost of New Netherland east to present-day Long Island and for many miles north along the Hudson River. The Powhatan attacked in 1622 and succeeded in killing almost 350 English, about a third of the settlers. The total number of Scots-Irish immigrants to the American Colonies is estimated at between 250,000 and 400,000, making them the second largest European immigrant group prior to the American Revolution. With a population above 32,000, it was noticeably larger than the next two largest cities, New York (25,000) and Boston (16,000). In May 1637, the Puritans attacked a large group of several hundred Pequot along the Mystic River in Connecticut. Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. New England, mostly staked out by the original Puritan migrants, showed the least ethnic diversity but the middle colonies, especially Pennsylvania, received the bulk of later white immigrants and boasted an astonishing variety of peoples; outside of New England about one-half the population was non-English in 1775

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colonies that welcomed the widest variety of immigrants were

colonies that welcomed the widest variety of immigrants were

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