depression in retired athletes

In the few studies that utilized a diagnostic interview administered by a licensed mental-healthcare professional, the prevalence of psychological distress was generally higher compared to assessing distress through other methods. Despite a wealth of literature examining various aspects of the retirement process in elite athletes, the proportion of this population who experience psychological distress (i.e., elevated unpleasant feelings or emotions related to conditions such as depression, anxiety, and substance misuse that impact physical, social, or occupational functioning) later in life remains unclear. "This study showed that, unfortunately, when athletes retire many struggle to identify with anything other than their sport, which for many, has been the principal focus of . Searches were performed by an experienced medical librarian and search strategies were reviewed for appropriateness and comprehensiveness by librarian colleagues. Current athletes reported a higher prevalence of depression/anxiety compared to retired athletes while retired athletes reported a higher prevalence of adverse alcohol use. Gayman AM, Fraser-Thomas J, Dionigi RA, Horton S, & Baker J (2017). Contrastingly, Kerr and colleagues (2012) noted that among retired NFL players, a 9-year risk of a depression diagnosis decreased by 17% for every 10-year increase in the number of years retired from professional football, potentially highlighting an inverse relationship between psychological distress and years removed from sport. 844.776.7326 EMAIL US Why Seek Treatment for Depression? Twenty-nine studies included least 100 participants, of which 82% had 200 participants or more. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Depression/Anxiety: 28.4% Cigarette Smoking: 15.0% Adverse Alcohol Use: 23.8%. Participants described both sport and non-sport related triggers in regard to their depression (e.g., institutional mistreatment and bullying, injuries, previous MHI, and miscarriage), as well as a range of behaviour, performance (e.g., decline), and personality changes compared to their normal functioning. Is retirement good or bad for subjective well-being? At the end of their careers, athletic-based goals are no longer necessary, and the transition becomes difficult because sports achievement has, in many cases, contributed to their feelings of subjective well-being during most of their life (Kim & Moen, 2001). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal In one study that controlled for pain and tried delineating the effects of pain versus concussions, pain and years of retirement were significant confounders in the relationship between concussions and depression, while several other studies did not include pain in multivariate models (Kerr et al., 2012). Susceptibility for depression in current and retired student athletes, Concussion incidence and time lost from play in the NHL during the past ten years, The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, Retirement experiences of successful Olympic athletes, International journal of sport psychology, Perceived stress and prevalence of traumatic stress symptoms following athletic career termination, The effects of involuntary athletic career termination on psychological distress, A developmental perspective on transitions faced by athletes. Unpredictable adverse life events can aggregate, further compounding possible psychological distress experienced as a result of the physical consequences from a career in elite athletics. Potential bias is also a concern in the literature examining determinants to psychological distress in retired elite athletes (Manley et al., 2017). Turner and colleagues (2000) concluded that injuries sustained during a playing career may be associated with chronic mental health problems in later adulthood. The percentage of retired athletes endorsing mild-to-moderate symptoms of depression (40%) is higher than the national average of 15% of older adults experiencing symptoms of depression (Penninx et al., 1998). Many of the studies examining psychological functioning in this population have examined the prevalence and correlates of depression only. Depression is more common in retired NFL athletes as compared to the general population. Several correlates of psychological distress were identified from this review. Barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking for young elite athletes: a qualitative study. Research has highlighted the importance of assessing psychological variables when assessing injuries and considering treatment options (Bailey et al., 2010). Depression, a disabling mental disorder, adversely affects work, sleeping and eating habits, and family. Box 100165, 1225 Center Drive, Room 3146, Gainesville, FL 32610-0165. Steroid use was significantly related to depression. Moreover, although depression and personality variables are sometimes accounted for in general population research . Objective: Systematic review of possible long-term effects of sports-related concussion in retired athletes. Beyond brain fog and memory loss, many former football players battle depression. Heavy drinking (i.e., 14 or more drinks over seven days) was also associated with opioid use in this population (Cottler et al., 2011). Bckmand H, Kaprio J, Kujala U, & Sarna S (2003). Ostelo RW, van Tulder MW, Vlaeyen JW, Linton SJ, Morley S, & Assendelft WJ (2005). The .gov means its official. Thousands more are now suing the NFL for doing too. Forty articles were selected and included. Psychosocial dimensions, such as having reached sport goals and planned for life after sport, may affect how retired athletes' respond psychologically. Among former NFL players, five studies assessed depression through utilizing a postcareer clinical diagnosis, of which, more often resulted in a higher prevalence of depression compared to studies utilizing a self-report measure of depressive distress (Amen et al., 2016; Guskiewicz et al., 2007; Hart et al., 2013; Horn et al., 2009; Kerr et al., 2012). Though the studies comprising this review demonstrated psychological distress comparable to the general population, former athletes with these risk factors exhibited higher rates of psychological distress. The high concussion group scored higher on the GDS than the low concussion group. Depressive symptoms and white matter dysfunction in retired NFL players with concussion history, Defining elite athletes: Issues in the study of expert performance in sport psychology, A conceptual model of adaptation to retirement among athletes. This particular review relied on the definition of elite athletes provided by the Dictionary of Modern Medicine: a person who is currently or has previously competed as a varsity player (individual or team), or a professional player or national team/international level player (Segen, 2012). To this point, additional studies are needed to examine the prevalence of psychological distress among retired professional athletes of sports alternative to the ones already in the literature, specifically those at higher risk for the experiencing painful medical conditions during playing career such as college or professional baseball, basketball, and tennis, as well as contact/collision sports such as boxing, wrestling, and mixed martial arts. Greater consistency and uniformity amongst chosen outcome measures would help to more accurately assess the prevalence of psychological distress in studied populations. Accessibility but they did not show an increase in depression rates in retired athletes. Current physical and mental health of former collegiate athletes. Treatment during playing career may have a significant positive impact on both performance while in sport, as well as the longstanding psychological health of players in retirement. Three studies examined illicit substance use among retired elite athletes, concluding that opioid use/misuse was a salient problem across different sports. Utilizing these specific criteria may have inhibited our ability to identify studies with mixed samples of current and retired athletes. The relationship between psychological distress and baseline sports-related concussion testing. This review suggests a number of different clinical implications and highlights directions for future research to enhance our understanding of the long-term psychological health of former elite athletes. Although overtraining . Souto RQ, Khanassov V, Hong QN, Bush PL, Vedel I, & Pluye P (2015). Mainwaring LM, Hutchison M, Bisschop SM, Comper P, & Richards DW (2010). Mild depression: 20.0% Moderate depression: 20.0%. Prevalence of retired athletes reporting significant anxious distress ranged from 8.4%16.2% in the five studies utilizing self-report measures. Employment status and higher number of working hours was negatively correlated with symptoms of anxiety/depression. Low concussion: 5.5 (4.6) High Concussion 8.8 (7.2). Cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs) have been shown to be effective treatments for depression and chronic pain, as well as associated substance use disorders (Hoffman, Papas, Chatkoff, & Kerns, 2007; Jhanjee, 2014; Ostelo et al., 2005). Studies examining cognitive impairment exclusively were not included in this review. NFL players endorsed a greater number of depressive symptoms on affective, cognitive, and somatic domains compared with matched controls. Results from each database were combined and duplicate references were removed prior to the initial abstract level screening. Specifically, chronic pain, sleep problems, substance use, physical inactivity, and poor adjustment to retirement, among other influences, are indeed treatable and represent important targets for intervention. A prospective study of concussions among National Hockey League players during regular season games: the NHL-NHLPA Concussion Program. Thus, we examined the prevalence and correlates of psychological distress in former athletes that participated in organized sports at either the collegiate or professional level for at least one year. Psychosocial dimensions, such as having reached sport goals and planned for life after sport, may affect how retired athletes' respond psychologically. Depression, Anxiety, & Alcohol Dependence, Anxiety: 16.2% Depression: 10.4% Alcohol dependence: 5.8%, United States; College, Division 1: Collision, contact, limited contact. Retired athletes with more injuries and higher depression scores during their career had higher scores of depression afterthey retired. The additional studies examining the prevalence of depression in NFL players utilized self-report measures; in these studies participants classified as depressed ranged from 4.7% to 20.0%, rates generally lower than studies utilizing a clinical assessment or structured interview (Casson et al., 2014; Didehbani et al., 2013; Kerr, DeFreese et al., 2014; Kerr, Evenson et al., 2014; Kuhn et al., 2017; Schwenk et al., 2007; Strain et al., 2013). Bckmand H, Kaprio J, Kujala U, & Sarna S (2001). These findings indicate that voluntary sports career retirement for the college . Horn S, Gregory P, & Guskiewicz KM (2009). Six studies measured anxiety exclusively. Once, basketball scouts imagined him as another Stephen Curry. Some psychological traits of Slovenian Olympians (Beijing . According to the SCID-IV, approximately 59.0% of retired hockey athletes met criteria for current or past psychiatric diagnoses. Systematic mixed studies reviews: updating results on the reliability and efficiency of the mixed methods appraisal tool, Sports career termination of Russian athletes: readiness to the transition, Repercussions of transition out of elite sport on subjective well-being: A one-year study. Greater pain was associated with current opioid misuse (Cottler et al., 2011). Similar to the National Football League and World Rugby Organization, the National Hockey League (NHL) has faced recent legal scrutiny, as more than 100 players have filed class-action lawsuits for detrimental health effects resulting from sustained concussions during their playing career (Kilgore, 2015). Among female soccer players, players with more injuries during their career reported higher scores on a depression screener after their career compared to their less injured counterparts (Prinz et al., 2016). Within this process, four distinct periods of subjective well-being during transition were identified: 1) an initial decrease immediately following retirement, 2) an increase five months after retirement, 3) stabilization after eight months, and 4) a final increase in subjective well-being one year after retirement (Stephan, 2003). These findings lend credence to the need of additional research examining retired women, as they may be more likely than their male counterparts to experience psychological distress in retirement. Given the inconclusive nature of the relationship between pain, concussions, psychosocial risks, and depression, examining the effects of these factors together in future studies may help identify their relative influence on psychological functioning. WASHINGTON (March 25, 2013) A survey of current and former college athletes finds depression levels significantly higher in current athletes, a result that upended the researchers' hypothesis. Behavioural treatment for chronic lowback pain, Athletes career transition out of sport: a systematic review, Pluye P, Robert E, Cargo M, Bartlett G, OCathain A, Griffiths F, & Rousseau MC (2011). A multitude of psychosocial factors were associated with psychological distress in retirement. The average depression score among all retired NFL players was indicative of minimal depressive symptoms according to the BDI-II. Given findings that psychological distress during playing career is associated with distress in retirement, it is critical that players experiencing psychological distress during their career are identified and referred for appropriate psychological/psychiatric treatment (Cottler et al., 2011; Prinz et al., 2016). Depression: 2.69 Anxiety: 2.66 Heavy drinking: 15.5%, Finland; international and inter-country athletes. For elite athletes who have dedicated their lives to sport, what happens when your time comes to an end, if you aren't an athlete, then who are you? Ten studies examined the prevalence of anxiety and depression in totality using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Forty articles assessed the prevalence of psychological distress associated with symptomatology related to depressed mood, anxiety, and substance use/misuse. Abstracts were included in the full-text review if they reported on the prevalence or correlates of psychological distress among retired athletes. Bckmand HM, Kaprio J, Kujala UM, & Sarna S (2009). The MMAT is an effective tool for measuring study quality and has been recently utilized in systematic reviews assessing the quality of evidence of sports and exercise psychology literature (Gayman et al., 2017; Grpel & Mesagno, 2017; Souto et al., 2015). Age 50-59 Depression: 9.2% Anxiety: 9.2% Age 60-69 Depression: 6.6% Anxiety: 8.4% Age 70 Depression: 11.2% Anxiety: 10.8%. Consequently, the transformation of athletes during the process following retirement from sports may negatively affect how they perceive themselves, their attributes, and their quality of life (Werthner & Orlick, 1986). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted However, most studies demonstrated a significant relationship between reported undiagnosed/diagnosed concussions and psychological distress, including depression and opioid misuse (Cottler et al., 2011). However, a study of 30 retired NFL athletes by Didehbani and colleagues 3 did demonstrate that self-reported SRCs correlated positively with BDI-II scores as a continuous variable when no cut-off score or diagnosis of depression was used. The relationship between concussion history and psychological distress was not examined in samples comprised exclusively of soccer and rugby athletes, sports where prevalence of concussion is high. The search included empirical studies published through May, 2017 that reported on the prevalence and correlates of psychological distress in former elite athletes. This review indicated that prevalence of psychological distress among retired elite athletes was similar to that of the general population. At least 20% of retired athletes reported previous AAS use. Amen DG, Willeumier K, Omalu B, Newberg A, Raghavendra C, & Raji CA (2016). In order to overcome the self-report and recall bias associated with the self-report measures of psychological distress, several studies utilized a self-report measure assessing for clinically diagnosed depression preceding study participation. Physician diagnosed osteoarthritis also appeared to have a moderating effect on alcohol consumption behaviors, with 33.8% of retired soccer players with osteoarthritis reporting adverse alcohol use compared to only 22.5% of those without osteoarthritis (Schuring et al., 2016). Ford JH, Giovanello KS, & Guskiewicz KM (2013). Interrelationships among neuroimaging biomarkers, neuropsychological test data, and symptom reporting in a cohort of retired National Football League players, Identity and athletic retirement: A prospective study, Retirement from sport and the loss of athletic identity. Depressive symptoms correlated with high levels of chronic stress, negative . Meir RA, Weatherby RP, & Rolfe MI (2007). Multiple bibliographic databases were searched in order to cover medical, psychological, behavioral science, and sports medicine literature. Perfusion neuroimaging abnormalities alone distinguish National Football League players from a healthy population, Potential therapeutic effects of exercise to the brain, Examining the interactive effects of coach-created empowering and disempowering climate dimensions on athletes health and functioning. More comprehensive measures will allow for a more accurate assessment of psychological distress as it pertains to Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) criteria. There were no significant differences in DASS depression, anxiety, or stress scores between retired athletes and controls. However, subgroups reporting medical comorbidities, significant pain, a greater number of concussions, less social support, and adverse psychosocial factors were at greater risk for psychological distress. An official website of the United States government. Physical activity, mood and the functioning of daily living: a longitudinal study among former elite athletes and referents in middle and old age. Lindqvist AS, Moberg T, Eriksson BO, Ehrnborg C, Rosn T, & Fahlke C (2013). In the past three years, nearly a dozen retired professional athletes have committed suicide. There is far less research on perceived cognitive decline in retired athletes compared to the general population. Unanticipated severe orthopedic injuries also frequently reduce career longevity or lead to premature, unplanned retirement. Sakakibara BM, Miller WC, Orenczuk SG, & Wolfe DL (2009). The studies comprised in this review utilized 20 different measures of psychological distress. Sorenson SC, Romano R, Scholefield RM, Martin BE, Gordon JE, Azen SP, & Salem GJ (2014). Additionally, career dissatisfaction, adverse life events, low supervisor/coach support, having too much spare time, having no or vague future plans following athletic career, and higher depression scores during playing career were associated with current depression severity (Gouttebarge, Frings-Dresen et al., 2015; Gouttebarge, Jonkers et al., 2016; Gouttebarge, Kerkhoffs et al., 2016; Prinz et al., 2016). Reifsteck EJ, Gill DL, & Brooks DL (2013). A systematic review of psychosocial outcomes of older adults sport participation, International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Cottler LB, Abdallah AB, Cummings SM, Barr J, Banks R, & Forchheimer R (2011). Retirement from sport has been associated with elevated levels of depression, anxiety and/or body dissatisfaction among athletes. Key State of Sport findings: Many former sportspeople report a loss of identity after retiring and struggle to move on in life. Twenty-nine percent and 22.0% of former NFL players were classified as having depression or anxiety respectively. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Depression (Clinically Diagnosed): Steroid Users: 21.0% Non Users: 10.3%. Use of Alcohol and Alcohol-Related Morbidity in Finnish Former Elite Athletes, Medicine and science in sports and exercise. This review found evidence for this pattern and identified a multitude of other factors associated with psychological distress. Personality and mood of former elite male athletes-a descriptive study. In studies examining the influence of physician diagnosed osteoarthritis on psychological distress, the prevalence of anxiety/depression in former soccer players from the United Kingdom was 37.0% among athletes with osteoarthritis, compared to 19.0% of players without osteoarthritis, indicating a potential modifying effect of osteoarthritis on experiencing anxiety or depressive symptoms in this group (Turner et al., 2000). This systematic review has several limitations. Among the present studies examining psychological distress in sports alternative to football and conducted outside of the United States, similar prevalence rates of psychological distress associated with depression, anxiety, and substance misuse were identified. Retired rugby players also scored higher than controls on the AUDIT, with ten retired athletes and only two controls reporting at least hazardous drinking behavior (Gardner et al., 2017). This requires multidisciplinary involvement and a coordinated plan of care that considers the many neurobiological and psychosocial influences of psychological function in retired athletes. Didehbani and colleagues (2013) also noted that of the 40% of former NFL players that were classified as mildly or moderately depressed; only 17% had received assessment or treatment for their depression. A retrospective 30-year follow-up study of former Swedish-elite male athletes in power sports with a past anabolic androgenic steroids use: a focus on mental health. Holistic Life-Span Health Outcomes Among Elite Intercollegiate StudentAthletes. Former players with previous surgical operations were also twice as likely to use tobacco compared to those with no surgical history (Gouttebarge et al., 2015). Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Future studies may benefit from use of a study psychologist or psychiatrist to determine a more accurate prevalence of mental health distress amongst the study population. The site is secure. THE RESEARCH SHOWS THAT ELITE ATHLETES SPEND MOST OF THEIR LIVES FOCUSED ON PERFECTING THEMSELVES SO THAT THEY CAN BE THE BEST OF THE BEST AT THEIR SPORT. Casson IR, Viano DC, Haacke EM, Kou Z, & LeStrange DG (2014). Bckmand H, Kujala U, Sarna S, & Kaprio J (2010). Several studies showed that concussion history was not associated with psychological distress.

Yorkhill Hospital Address, Top Emr Companies In Usa, Uw Whitewater Course Schedule, Articles D