latin america r=h:org

[citation needed] Cuba also made a commitment to universal health care, so the education of doctors and construction of hospitals were top priorities. Dutch is the official language in Suriname, Aruba, Curaao, and the Netherlands Antilles. Ruling in the name of the deposed Bourbon monarch Ferdinand VII, representatives of the Spanish empire, both from the peninsula and Spanish America, convened a convention in the port of Cadiz. In Peru, Quechua is an official language, alongside Spanish and other Indigenous languages in the areas where they predominate. Almost the immediately, the U.S. reacted with hostility against the new regime. The U.S. then asked Latin American nations to join Britain, France, and the U.S. against Germany. The World Bank is working with member countries to accelerate support for the pandemic and other development priorities in the region. pg 274275. Some of the largest and most violent have been protests against cuts in urban services to the poor, such as the Caracazo in Venezuela and the Argentinazo in Argentina. In Spanish America, these include Panama City (1519), Mexico City (1521) Guadalajara (153142), Cartagena (1532), Cuzco (1534), Lima (1535), and Quito (1534). [269] In the production of silver, in 2017 the country extracted 15,5 tons. Chile had a long tradition of stable electoral democracy, In the 1970 election, a coalition of leftists, the Unidad Popular ("popular unity") candidate Allende was elected. Latin Americans ( Spanish: Latinoamericanos; Portuguese: Latino-americanos; French: Latino-amricains ), sometimes referred to as Latinos, are the citizens of Latin American countries (or people with cultural, ancestral or national origins in Latin America). Spanish America's fragmentation into republics with weakened state structures meant that political turmoil and violence on many levels was a characteristic of the era throughout the region. The term was further popularized by French emperor Napoleon III's government in the 1860s as Amrique latine to justify France's military involvement in the Second Mexican Empire and to include French-speaking territories in the Americas such as French Canada, Haiti, French Louisiana, French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe and the French Antillean Creole Caribbean islands Saint Lucia and Dominica, in the larger group of countries where Spanish and Portuguese languages prevailed. [179], According to the detailed Pew multi-country survey in 2014, 69% of the Latin American population is Catholic and 19% is Protestant. The new independent territories exerted their rights to establish a government, control their national territory, establish trade relations with other nations, and levy taxes. The modern Brazilian film industry has become more profitable inside the country, and some of its productions have received prizes and recognition in Europe and the United States, with movies such as Central do Brasil (1999), Cidade de Deus (2002) and Tropa de Elite (2007). Given France's failure to defeat the slave insurgency and since needing money for the war with Britain, Napoleon Bonaparte sold France's remaining mainland holdings in North America to the United States in the 1803 Louisiana Purchase. At the time of European contact, the area was densely populated by Indigenous peoples who had not organized as empires, nor created large physical complexes. [304], Brazil is one of the main world producers of hydroelectric power. In the rest of Latin American countries, mainly in Central America, the processing industries of primary products for export predominate. [citation needed], Charges of against a major Brazilian conglomerate, Odebrecht, has raised allegations of corruption across the region's governments (see Operation Car Wash). Reber, Vera Blinn "War of the Triple Alliance". Portugal sailed down the west coast of Africa and the Crown of Castile in central Spain authorized the voyage of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus. Cuba and Puerto Rico, both old Caribbean sugar-producing areas, were not detached from Spain until the 1898 SpanishAmerican War, with US intervention. In several nations, especially in the Caribbean region, creole languages are spoken. [211], The four countries with the strongest agricultural sector in South America are Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Colombia. It played a role in his campaign to imply cultural kinship of the region with France, transform France into a cultural and political leader of the area, and install Maximilian of Habsburg as emperor of the Second Mexican Empire. These issues lead to adolescents dropping out of the educational system early. [117], The Cuban Revolution had a tremendous impact not just on Cuba, but on Latin America as a whole, and the world. But in a number of countries ruled by military dictatorships many Catholics followed the social and political teachings of liberation theology and were seen as subversives. [208], Antiretroviral treatment coverage has been high, with AIDS related deaths decreasing between 2007 and 2017 by 12%, although the rate of new infections has not seen a large decrease. [278][279][280] In the footwear industry, in 2019, Brazil ranked fourth among world producers. The aim of these moves was to strengthen hemispheric solidarity and security. Green Left Weekly 1011 (2014): 18. China has also provided loans to several Latin American countries; this has raised concerns about the possibility of "debt traps. The major trade blocs (or agreements) in the region are the Pacific Alliance and Mercosur. Their creation was aimed at strengthening crown control over its possessions and sparking economic development. Latin America has also produced world-class classical performers such as the Chilean pianist Claudio Arrau, Brazilian pianist Nelson Freire and the Argentine pianist and conductor Daniel Barenboim. Over time, these populations intermixed, resulting in castas. Sharenergy", "Boletim Mensal de Gerao Solar Fotovoltaica Setembro/2020", "RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2021 page 41", "Annual production of oil and other liquids". Mules were bred for transportation and to replace of human labor in refining silver. The French Antillean zouk (derived from Haitian compas) is a musical style originating from the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique and popularized by the French Antillean Creole band Kassav' in the early 1980s then became popular mainly in the Caribbean islands of Saint Lucia, Dominica, and Haiti, all in the French Antilles (French West Indies).[359][360]. The Portuguese government threatened to revoke the political autonomy that Brazil had enjoyed since 1808, provoking widespread opposition in Brazil. The heart that bleeds: Latin America now. Moraa, Mabel, Enrique Dussel, and Carlos A. Juregui, eds. But many countries in this . The Argentine Church did not follow the Chilean pattern of opposition however. Tackle Climate Change. Soy un delincuente was one of nine films for which the state gave substantial funding to produce, made in the year after the Venezuelan state began giving financial support to cinema in 1975. [92] Until 1914 and the outbreak of World War I, Britain was a major economic power in Latin America, especially in South America. [22], By the late 1850s, the term was being used in California (which had become a part of the United States), in local newspapers such as El Clamor Pblico by Californios writing about Amrica latina and latinoamrica, and identifying as latinos as the abbreviated term for their "hemispheric membership in la raza latina". This bloc nominally opposes any Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States, although Uruguay has manifested its intention otherwise. For other uses, see Latina and Latino. [330] In particular, many of the investments are related to the Belt and Road Initiative or energy. [220], In the production of chicken meat, Mexico is among the ten largest producers in the world, Argentina among the 15 largest and Peru and Colombia among the 20 largest. Throughout most of Spanish America, Indigenous populations were the largest component, with some black slaves serving in auxiliary positions. The Atlantic slave trade was abandoned in 1850,[81] as a result of the British Aberdeen Act, but only in May 1888 after a long process of internal mobilization and debate for an ethical and legal dismantling of slavery in the country, was the institution formally abolished. *Dawson, Alexander. There is also a considerable infrastructure of ports and airports. [319], In 2020, Brazil was the 2nd largest country in the world in the production of energy through biomass (energy production from solid biofuels and renewable waste), with 15,2 GW installed. Fracisco H. Ferreira et al. In 1970, democratic elections brought to power socialist Salvador Allende, who implemented many reforms begun in 1964 under Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei. At that time, benefiting from the abundant local raw material, the low wages paid to the labor force and a certain specialization brought by immigrants, countries such as Brazil, Mexico and Argentina, as well as Venezuela, Chile, Colombia and Peru, were able to implement important industrial parks. Surpluses allowed the creation of social, political, religious, and military hierarchies, urbanization with stable village settlements and major cities, specialization of craft work, and the transfer of products via tribute and trade. Homicide rates in Latin America are the highest in the world. Comparative Cultural Studies: European and Latin American Perspectives 11: 5-17, 2021. *Guillermoprieto, Alma. Region of the Americas mainly speaking the Romance languages, "Latinoamrica" and "America Latina" redirect here. Research on Latin America shows that the extension of policies towards migrants is linked to a focus on civil rights and state benefits that can positively influence integration in recipient countries. It has an area of approximately 19,197,000km2 (7,412,000sq mi),[1] almost 13% of the Earth's land surface area. With the 1803 Louisiana Purchase from France, the U.S. now bordered New Spain. Many regions of Spanish America that were not well supplied by Spanish merchants, such as Central America, participated in contraband trade with foreign merchants. A number of governments set tariff and exchange rate policies that undermined the export sector and aided the urban working classes. Amerindian languages are widely spoken in Peru, Guatemala, Bolivia, Paraguay and Mexico, and to a lesser degree, in Panama, Ecuador, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, and Chile. [53] During the colonial era, Brazil was also the manufacturing center for Portugal's ships. Colombia is one of the five largest producers in the world of coffee. HIV/AIDS has been a public health concern for Latin America due to a remaining prevalence of the disease. In terms of cow's milk production, Mexico is among the 15 largest producers in the world and Argentina among the 20 largest.[221]. The imprint of Christopher Columbus and Iberian colonialism in Latin America began shifting in the twentieth century. This official had jurisdiction over not just Brazil, but also the new states in Spanish America. In Brazil, Britain made the end of the slave trade a condition for diplomatic recognition. Guillermoprieto, Alma. [301], The Brazilian railway network has an extension of about 30,000 kilometers. One of the most famous Venezuelan films, even to date, is the 1976 film Soy un delincuente by Clemente de la Cerda, which won the Special Jury Prize at the 1977 Locarno International Film Festival. A "reversal of development" reigned over Latin America, seen through negative economic growth, declines in industrial production, and thus, falling living standards for the middle and lower classes. The Viceroyalty of New Spain also had jurisdiction over the Spanish East Indies, once the Spanish established themselves there in the late sixteenth century. With Only 56 followers, he was able to take over the city of Granada, declaring himself commander of the army and installing Patricio Rivas as a puppet president. There is a significant population of Japanese descent in Brazil. [95] Another notable conflict was the War of the Triple Alliance (18641870) in which Paraguay, under Francisco Solano Lpez, tried to assist Uruguay against the Brazil-backed rebels, which angered Brazil and led to a war against Paraguay. The peoples of this large area shared the experience of conquest and colonization by the Spaniards and Portuguese from the late 15th through the 18th century as well as movements of . [48] With the expedition of Hernn Corts from Cuba to Mexico in 1519, Spaniards encountered the Indigenous imperial civilization of the Aztecs. The state and the Catholic church were the institutional pillars of Spanish colonial rule. Ancient Maya had the most sophisticated textually written language, but since texts were largely confined to the religious and administrative elite, traditions were passed down orally. With the Spanish monarch no longer the patron of the church, many national governments asserted their right to appoint clerics as a logical transfer of power to a sovereign state. The Soviet Union continued to materially support the Cuban regime, providing oil and other petrochemicals, technical support, and other aid, in exchange for Cuban sugar and tobacco. With the example of the conquest of central Mexico, Spaniards sought similar great empires to conquer, and expanded into other regions of Mexico and Central America, and then the Inca empire, by Francisco Pizarro. Although much of Latin America gained its independence in the early nineteenth century, formal recognition by their former metropolitan powers in Spain and Portugal did not come immediately. The eighteenth-century Bourbon reforms sought to modernize the mercantile system to stimulate greater trade exchanges between Spain and Spanish America in a system known as comercio libre. Jews and other non-Catholics, such as Protestants (all called "Lutherans") were banned from settling and were subject to the Inquisition. [209], According to Goldman Sachs' BRICS review of emerging economies, by 2050 the largest economies in the world will be as follows: China, United States, India, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, Mexico and Brazil. Langley, Lester D. "Good Neighbor Policy". More recently, reggaeton, which blends Jamaican reggae and dancehall with Latin America genres such as bomba and plena, as well as hip hop, is becoming more popular, in spite of the controversy surrounding its lyrics, dance steps (Perreo) and music videos. [134] The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo added a huge swath of what had been north and northwest Mexico to the U.S., territory that Spain and then Mexico had claimed, but had not succeeded in occupying effectively. In Brazil, the Cinema Novo movement created a particular way of making movies with critical and intellectual screenplays, clearer photography related to the light of the outdoors in a tropical landscape, and a political message. However, the U.S. continued to attempt to remove Castro from power by assassination. The Brazilian government has undertaken an ambitious program to reduce dependence on imported petroleum. Colombian Catholic priest Camilo Torres took up arms with the Colombian guerrilla movement ELN, which modeled itself on Cuba but was killed in his first combat in 1966. The country has great future potential for the production of wind energy in the Patagonia region. Contemporary literature in the region is vibrant and varied, ranging from the best-selling Paulo Coelho and Isabel Allende to the more avant-garde and critically acclaimed work of writers such as Diamela Eltit, Giannina Braschi, Ricardo Piglia, or Roberto Bolao. The agricultural sector stagnated and Chile needed to import foodstuffs. The Boom's defining novel was Gabriel Garca Mrquez's Cien aos de soledad (1967), which led to the association of Latin American literature with magic realism, though other important writers of the period such as the Peruvian Mario Vargas Llosa and Carlos Fuentes do not fit so easily within this framework. In the Andes, llamas were domesticated and used to transport goods; Mesoamerica had no large domesticated animals to aid human labor or provide meat. Its main representatives are Jess Soto, Carlos Cruz-Diez, Alejandro Otero and Gego. European and U.S. interests in the region fueled the demand for Latin American travelogues, an important source of information that described economic, political, and social conditions.[85]. [150] Differences in opportunities and endowments tend to be based on race, ethnicity, rurality, and gender. [90] Over the nineteenth century, enhanced trade between Britain and Latin America led to development such as infrastructure improvements, including roads and railroads, which grew the trade between the countries and outside nations such as Great Britain. [122] During the 1980s both the FSLN (a leftist collection of political parties) and the Contras (a rightist collection of counter-revolutionary groups) received considerable aid from the Cold War superpowers. His government established diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union in April 1945, when the Soviet Union and the U.S. were allied against the Axis powers. [197] Many[who? Significant black populations exist in Brazil and Spanish Caribbean islands such as Cuba and Puerto Rico and the circum-Caribbean mainland (Venezuela, Colombia, Panama), as long as in the southern part of South America and Central America (Honduras, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Ecuador, and Peru) a legacy of their use in plantations. This led to Napoleon III's failed attempt to take military control of Mexico in the 1860s. Cuba became a poorer and blacker country, and the Cuba Revolution sought to transform the social and economic inequalities and political instability of the previous regimes into a more socially and economically equal one. [326], After Brazil, Mexico is the country in Latin America that most stands out in energy production. [79] This period of internal political and social upheaval, which included the Praieira revolt, was overcome only at the end of the 1840s, years after the end of the regency, which occurred with the premature coronation of Pedro II in 1841. Cuba and Peru recruited Chinese labor in the late nineteenth century. In 1981 FONCINE (the Venezuelan Film Fund) was founded, and this year it provided even more funding to produce seventeen feature films. "The "diaspora politics" of Colombian migrants in the UK and Spain." Royalist military officer Agustn de Iturbide changed sides and forged an alliance with insurgent leader Vicente Guerrero, and together they brought about Mexico's independence in 1821. [96][clarification needed]. In most of Spanish America, the Indigenous were the majority population. Chronologically, the Spanish American independence wars were the conquest in reverse, with the areas most recently incorporated into the Spanish empire, such as Argentina and Chile, becoming the first to achieve independence, while the colonial strongholds of Mexico and Peru were the last to achieve independence in the early nineteenth century. ", "Brasil alcana 170 mil megawatts de capacidade instalada em 2019", "IEMA (Instituto de Energia e Meio Ambiente),2016.Srie TERMOELETRICIDADE EM FOCO: Uso de gua em termoeltricas", "O BNDES e a questo energtica e logstica da Regio Sudeste", "Power: World's biggest hydroelectric facility", "Boletim Mensal de Gerao Elica Fevereiro/2021", "Elica supera 22 GW em operao no Brasil", "Brasil o pas com melhor fator de aproveitamento da energia elica", "Boletim Trimestral de Energia Elica Junho de 2020", "Quantas usinas geradoras de energia temos no Brasil? Most educational systems in the region have implemented various types of administrative and institutional reforms that have enabled reach for places and communities that had no access to education services in the early 1990s. It came to have about 100,000km of rails, but the lifting of tracks and the emphasis placed on motor transport gradually reduced it. In some cases, the first evangelical pastors came from the U.S., but these churches quickly became "Latin Americanized," with local pastors building religious communities. [314] In 2021, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (13 GW),[325] and the 11th largest producer of solar energy in the world (16.8 TWh). According to the United Nations ECLAC, Latin America is the most unequal region in the world. The Latin America Conservation Council is working with The Nature Conservancy and hundreds of partners to mainstream nature-based solutions that protect, restore, and better manage biodiversity to tackle climate change and reach the sustainable development goals (SDGs). An initiative between the IDB and the UNDP to improve the welfare conditions of the migrant population in Latin America and the Caribbean (Available in Spanish only). [288][289][290] In the textile industry, Brazil, although it was among the five largest world producers in 2013, is very little integrated into world trade. [306][307], In 2013, the Southeast Region used about 50% of the load of the National Integrated System (SIN), being the main energy consuming region in the country. [207], One aspect that has contributed to the higher prevalence of HIV/AIDS in LGBT+ groups in Latin America is the concept of homophobia. "The Haitian Revolution" in, Ibidem Fausto 1999, Chapter 2, 2.1 to 2.3. [56], More than three centuries of direct Spanish and Portuguese colonial rule left lasting imprints on Latin America. This bribery ring has become the largest corruption scandal in Latin American history. Protect Biodiversity. In January this year, 3.168million barrels of oil per day and 138.753million cubic meters of natural gas were extracted. The first major articulation of U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America as a region was the 1820 Monroe Doctrine. The country is among the 25 largest gold producers in the world. In regions with dense Indigenous populations, they remained the largest percentage of the population; sugar-producing regions had the largest percentage of blacks. A report released in 2013 by the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs entitled Inequality Matters: Report of the World Social Situation, observed that: 'Declines in the wage share have been attributed to the impact of labour-saving technological change and to a general weakening of labour market regulations and institutions. Latin America and the Caribbean have been cited by numerous sources to be the most dangerous regions in the world. The distinction between Latin America and Anglo-America is a convention based on the predominant languages in the Americas by which Romance language- and English-speaking cultures are distinguished. Some were only transiting through the region, but others stayed and created communities. The Department of History at the University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, invites applications for an open rank, tenure-line faculty position in the History of Science, Health, or Disability, broadly conceived, in South/Southeast Asia or Latin America.

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