united states border patrol

The National Origins Act authorized the formation of the U.S. Border Patrol on May 26, 1924. CBP is available to conduct exams and is ready and willing to expand hours of operations if necessary to meet the growing demand for imported goods. An official website of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. The program significantly reduced illegal entries in the urban part of El Paso by shifting them to other areas.[23]. The U.S. Border Patrol has approximately 2,000 sedans. United States Public Health Service clinicians have been deployed to border facilities to provide extra guidance and oversight, officials said. Scenario-Based Training plays a significant role in the trainees' development as it allows them to apply the theoretical information in life like situations. The NBPC is associated with the Peace Officer Research Association of California Legal Defense Fund|California's Legal Defense Fund. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. I am inspired by his commitment to the mission, and am grateful to him for his continued service in this new leadership role, Mr. Mayorkas said. In late 2006 the H&K P2000 pistol was adopted as the Border Patrol's primary duty sidearm. "[100], At some Greyhound stations and along certain routes, agents from United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and United States Border Patrol have been known to stop and interrogate passengers. The Border Patrol utilizes a variety of equipment and methods to accomplish its mission in such diverse terrain. [118], In 2019, Agents stated that "people actively hate us". The Border Patrol increased interior enforcement and Form I-9 audits of businesses through an inspection program known as "employer sanctions". Over 2,300 complaints were filed in 1997 as opposed to the 1,813 complaints filed in 1996. The primary mission of the Border Patrol is to protect our Nation by reducing the likelihood that dangerous people and capabilities enter the United States between the ports of entry. One of CBPs core mission objectives is to enhance the nations economic prosperity, including through the facilitation of lawful trade and travel. We remain steadfast even in the face of overwhelming challenges. The Canadian border operations from Detroit employed more men than the El Paso operations along the Mexican border because of a focus on the prevention of liquor smuggling during prohibition. The NBPC's executive committee is staffed by current and retired Border Patrol agents and, along with its constituent locals, employs a staff of a dozen attorneys and field representatives. A lock ( Border Stations. A 38-year-old Border Patrol agent was killed in a high-speed pursuit of a group of illegal immigrants in Mission, Texas on Wednesday. In 2008, intelligence learned of a two-million-dollar contract for the murder of a Border Patrol Agent. strategy, it is incumbent upon each of us to embody the oath we took to defend the U.S. Constitution, to remain We're not united only by uniform, but a shared mission to protect our country - guarding borders at the frontlines and ensuring legitimate trade and travel. National border patrol, security, and integrity. Official websites use .gov There are several programs by which CBP works with importers, carriers, consolidators, licensed customs brokers, and manufacturers to advance information about the shipments and expedite the inspection process at the ports of entry. Reduce crime in border communities, improving quality of life. Fox News correspondent Bill Melugin tweeted photos of the bullet holes in the agent's truck. LockA locked padlock Backup arrived and nine of the soldiers were detained. The plastic pellet balls burst on impact spraying the suspect with OC pepper dust and also acts as impact projectiles. There have been record levels of illegal migration at the southern border during the Biden administration, at times overwhelming resources and drawing Republican attacks that the president is weak on border security. [104], According to a posting in Law Enforcement Today in August 2021, morale among Border Patrol agents was "in the toilet". About CBP Contact Us Contact Us CBP Information Center Need answers? [83] In February 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Hernandez family may not bring suit against the agent, highlighting the 1971 case Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents in the majority opinion. View the CBP Monthly Reports. Electronic sensors are placed at strategic locations along the border to detect people or vehicles entering the country illegally. They must also successfully complete the Post-Academy Training Program, an extension of the Border Patrol Academy where Trainees complete additional classroom-based training over the course of their first nine months back at their duty station. Alpine Station. A lock ( Jeenah Moon / AP. These are inspections of interior-bound conveyances, which include buses, commercial aircraft, passenger and freight trains, and marine craft. true to the core values of vigilance, integrity, and service to country, and to live out our motto Honor First., 2012-2016 U.S. Border Patrol Strategic Plan, An official website of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. [64], Official data released under the Freedom of Information Act shows that between 2005 and 2017, the federal government paid out more than $60,000,000 in legal settlements of cases in which border agents were involved in deaths, driving injuries, alleged assaults, and wrongful detention. Proposition 187 drew nationwide attention to illegal immigration. The Mexican government said the soldiers were unfamiliar with the border in that area as those soldiers were normally deployed to Mexico's interior. [Customs and Border Protection] abusesphysical and sexual assaults, abusive detention conditions and violations of due processare an open secret within D.H.S. Pablo Sergio Barry, an agent charged with one count of harboring an illegal alien (8 U.S.C. 30,150 encounters, equal to 15% of total encounters in May, were processed for expulsion under Title 42 before the public health Order ended at 11:59 pm ET on May 11, 2023. From May 1 - 11, 2023, CBP encounters with family unit individuals totaled 32,300, compared with 29,019 encounters with family unit individuals from May 12 -31, 2023. As announced in a press release at the end of May, CBP and DHS partner agencies seized nearly 10,000 pounds of fentanyl over the course of two months as part of Operations Blue Lotus and Four Horsemen. Travelers traveling through the United States must have the required documents needed to enter the United States via land, sea, or air based upon their citizenship or place of residence. Hamed Aleaziz covers immigration policy for the Los Angeles Times. [104], National Border Patrol Council (NBPC) is the labor union which represents over 17,000 Border Patrol agents and support staff. Police agencies are the most male-dominated part of the federal government and that undermines their mission", "Detroit Station | U.S. Customs and Border Protection", "El Paso Sector Texas | U.S. Customs and Border Protection", "A History of the United States Border Patrol", "Many Latinos answer call of the Border Patrol in the age of Trump", "U.S. to outfit border agents with body cameras in major oversight move", "Biden, Harris push big lie about Border Patrol", "George P. Bush: Biden has stripped another tool from our men & women protecting this country", "Biden Condemns Border Patrol Treatment of Haitian Migrants as Expulsions Continue", "DHS watchdog declined to probe 'whipping' claims against border agents", "Local man's film highlights plight of migrant farm workers", "Credit Operation Hold the Line for el Paso's being a safe city: Reader", "With Congress's Blessing, a Border Fence May Finally Push Through to the Sea", "Border Control: Revised Strategy Is Showing Some Positive Results", "U.S. Policy on Illegal Aliens | C-SPAN.org", "Border Patrol Sectors | U.S. Customs and Border Protection", "Far From Border, U.S. Detains Foreign Students", "Life as a Mexican American on the Border Patrol: 'The system is not broken', "Government issues waiver for fencing along border", "The environmental impacts of a border fence", "Expansive border fence stirs fights over land", 2007 State of the U.S. Border Patrol video, "Prevention-Through-Deterrence and Death Mitigation: Fantasy and Fetishes in Border Law's Symbolic Order", "U.S. Border Patrol Southwest Border Fence Maps", "Fort Hancock, Texas: Where a fence and hope for illegals ends", "A Continued Humanitarian Crisis at the Border: Undocumented Border Crosser Deaths Recorded by the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner, 19902012", "Border-Crossing Deaths Have Doubled Since 1995; Border Patrol's Efforts to Prevent Deaths Have Not Been Fully Evaluated", "Border Patrol Search, Trauma, and Rescue (BORSTAR)", "CBP Makes Lifesaving Rescues | U.S. Customs and Border Protection", "Border Patrol uniform gets first makeover since the 1950s", "Border Patrol Inspector Theodore L. Newton Jr", "Border Patrol Inspector George F. Azrak", "CBP Awards Contract for Duty Handguns | U.S. Customs and Border Protection", "SHHHGlock just released a new Glock without really saying anything (G47)", "Border Patrol horses get special feed that helps protect desert ecosystem", "United States Department of Homeland Security Customs and Border Protection Border Patrol", "United States Department of Justice - United States Marshals Service, US", "Salvador Ramos: Everything we know about 18-year-old Texas school mass shooter", "Border Patrol chief: Agents 'most assaulted' law officers in the U.S.", "Rock Throwing Attacks on Border Patrol Agents on the Rise", "Border patrol violence: US paid $60m to cover claims against the agency. In November 2005, the U.S. Border Patrol published an updated national strategy. The strategy has five main objectives: The United States border is a barely discernible line in the uninhabited deserts, canyons, or mountains and rivers. Read more about Careers with the Border Patrol. Marine patrol In the riverine environments of the northern and southwestern borders of the continental United States, the Border Patrol conducts border control activities from the decks of marine craft of various sizes. Van Horn Station. . Blaine Sector Washington. As we continue to execute our plans including delivering strengthened consequences for those who cross unlawfully while expanding access to lawful pathways and processes we will continue to monitor changes in encounter trends and adjust our response as necessary, said Senior Official Performing the Duties of CBP Commissioner Troy A. Miller. The U.S. is paying his family $1 million", "Are migrants routinely abused by Customs and Border Protection agents? Sierra Blanca Station. In 2002 the attrition rate climbed to 18%. Border Patrol agents retain the circular legacy Border Patrol patch, which is worn on the left sleeve. In May 2023, CBP agriculture specialists helped protect Americas agriculture, natural resources, and economic prosperity. Carla Provost, at the time head of the agency, was among them; she retired in 2020. The first report, dated May 15, details a spread of diarrhea among children and some overcrowding issues at a detention facility in Laredo. CBP Nationwide Total Encounters for FY23TD through May: 2,096,346. @esullivannyt, A version of this article appears in print on, Biden Names Border Patrol Chief as Immigration Policies Draw Scrutiny, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/09/us/politics/border-patrol-chief-biden.html. This authorization nearly doubled the Border Patrol size, from 11,000 to 20,000 agents by 2010. [94][101] Protesters against Greyhound Bus Lines allowing the DHS and ICE agents to board the buses have posted an online petition titled "Greyhound: Stop Throwing Passengers Under the BUS" on the ACLU website, which gathered 111,895 signatures as of 2019. It was also a reminder of the criticism the Border Patrol has weathered over the years for its treatment of migrants. The northern border sectors are (west to east): Blaine (Washington), Spokane (Washington), Havre (Montana), Grand Forks (North Dakota), Detroit (Selfridge ANGB, Michigan), Buffalo (New York), Swanton (Vermont), and Houlton (Maine).[28]. More than half of the U.S. Border Patrols encounters in May occurred prior to the lifting of the CDCs Title 42 public health Order. According to the government, however, these basic constitutional principles do not apply fully at our borders. OFFICE OF TRADE OFFICE OF PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY OTHER CAREER OPPORTUNITIES CBP makes a difference for America. In the nineteenth century, United States borders were open and unrestricted; there was no systematic control or even recordkeeping of immigrants. Along the coastal waterways of the United States and Puerto Rico and interior waterways common to the United States and Canada, the Border Patrol conducts border control activities from the decks of marine craft of various sizes. Without that charge, both agents involved would have received far shorter sentences. The 86 hours of instruction is 20% classroom time and 80% practical exercises. June 23, 2023 / 2:05 PM / CBS News U.S. Customs and Border Protection agents found 146 pounds of cocaine hidden in an ice cream maker, officials announced on Thursday. As mandated by this Act, the small border guard in what was then the Bureau of Immigration was reorganized into the Border Patrol. Ramos had legally purchased two AR-15s and ammunition a few days earlier. Senator Bill Frist commented in 2006: "these beacons, I believe, are an absolutely vital link in our border security system We know that beacons work: CBP has already saved dozens of people based entirely on beacon alerts. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement's (ICE) mission is to protect America from the cross-border crime and illegal immigration that threaten national security and public safety. An extensive modernization drive has ensured that these vehicles are equipped with wireless sets in communication with a central control room. Jason Owens, who has served in the Border Patrol for more than 20 years, was most recentlythe leader of the Del Rio division in Texas, which handles one of the busiest areas for illegal crossings. [94] A passenger recognized that the agents of the United States Border Patrol lacked authorization to conduct their interrogations. Those who do not establish a legal basis to remain in the United States will be removed and are subject to a minimum 5-year bar on reentry as well as potential prosecution for repeated reentry. According to the ACLU of Texas, between 2010 and December 13, 2021, there were 46 migrant deaths while in the custody of the Border Patrol, and 68 deaths as a result of Border Patrol-involved car chases. Both documents include a note that they reflect initial observations by the office and had not been verified and confirmed under the offices typical procedures. [50] U.S. [15], Traffic checks are conducted on major highways leading away from the border to detect and apprehend illegal aliens attempting to travel further into the interior of the United States after evading detection at the border, and to detect illegal narcotics. To ensure that the increased staffing and new resources provided by Congress were deployed in the most effective and efficient manner possible, the Immigration and Naturalization Service acted in early 1994 to develop and implement the agency's first National Border Patrol Strategy. [119], The Border Patrol Foundation was founded in 2009 to assist the survivors of agents killed in the line of duty. [58][dubious discuss], On March 14, 2000, 16 Mexican soldiers in two humvees chased a Border Patrol agent near Santa Teresa, New Mexico, while another agent came under gunfire. The reports were created during a time of intense strain on the nations immigration detention system. Ortiz Funeral Home in New York. The Border Patrol's traditional mission continued: deterring, detecting and apprehending illegal aliens and individuals involved in the illegal drug trade who generally entered the United States at places other than through designated ports of entry. These serious cases are considered to be distinct from less serious complaints, such as "verbal abuse, discrimination, extended detention without cause. The act mandated that the fence be built by December 2008. Supervisory Border Patrol Agent (Former Employee) - San Diego, CA 92154 - July 15, 2022 Indeed Featured review A great career with plenty of advancement potential. The Border Patrol also extensively uses horses for remote area patrols. Showing all 46 reviews patrol agent law opportunity hour day great job Good job with great benefits. A lock ( Fortunately, this was not an accurate diagnosis. An official website of the United States government. Official websites use .gov Although up until 1995 patrol agents could purchase weapons from the agency list of approved authorized personal weapons for duty carry. Encounters of unaccompanied children decreased 13%, with 9,943 encounters in May compared with 11,455 in April. As of 2005[update], the U.S. Border Patrol has 205 horses. Below are requirements for U.S. Citizens/Lawful Permanent Residents and International Visitors and information about Trusted Traveler Programs. There were 45,600 Title 8 encounters with single adults from May 1 - 11, 2023, and 61,281 Title 8 encounters with single adults from May 12 - 31, 2023. [11] A second station, in El Paso, Texas, began operations in July 1924. "[91][92], In 2018, activists alleged that water and food supplies left for illegal aliens were regularly destroyed by the Border Patrol.[93]. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. This is accomplished by maintaining surveillance, following up leads, responding to electronic sensor alarms and aircraft sightings, and interpreting and following tracks. Mabel lvarez Benedicks, mother of Anadith Danay Reyes lvarez, reacts during her daughter's wake in New York. Swartz was criminally charged, but in November 2018, a jury found him not guilty. [citation needed] A memo addressed to all chief patrol agents and signed by then-Border Patrol Chief Carla Provost said agents can't board private buses without consent from bus companies. of Labor (19201940), The former badge, when the agency was under the Dept. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Line watch involves the detection, prevention, and apprehension of terrorists, illegal aliens and smugglers of aliens at or near the land border by maintaining surveillance from a covert position; following up on leads; responding to electronic sensor, television systems and aircraft sightings; and interpreting and following tracks, marks, and other physical evidence. United States Customs and Border Protection watches over all of the borders of our great countryland and sea. Democrats have long pushed for more transparency at the Border Patrol and its parent agency, Customs and Border Protection. Comments and responses posted to this channel are subject. Still, the incident, when 15,000 migrants crossed over the period of a few days, has remained a low point for Mr. Bidens time in office. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. An unidentified patrol agent who was recorded on a. Joel Luna, a Border Patrol agent, was convicted in 2017 of engaging in criminal activity and sentenced to 20 years in prison. as an agency that appears to have normalized shocking abuses at the U.S. Verbally attest to their travel intent and COVID-19 vaccination status. The United States Border Patrol operates 71 traffic checkpoints, including 33 permanent traffic checkpoints, near the Mexico-United States border. [73] The case generated widely differing opinion among various commentators and advocacy groups: civil libertarians asserted the agents used illegal and excessive force, while advocates of tighter border control defended the agents actions. [60], On May 24, 2022, 18-year-old Salvador Rolando Ramos entered Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, Texas, and fatally shot nineteen students and two teachers with an AR-15 rifle. Brownsville mayor Pat Ahumada favored alternative options to a border fence. The 20222026 U.S. Border Patrol Strategy is the next step in our operational evolution. The Atlantic coast, the Pacific coast, the Gulf coast, the Great Lakes, the border with Canada, and the border with Mexico. The Border Patrol also erected[when?] [82], On June 10, Mexican President Felipe Caldern called on the United States to launch a "thorough, impartial" probe into the deaths of two Mexican nationals, including the 14-year-old Hernandez, at the hands of U.S. border police: "I demand the United States government conduct a thorough, impartialinvestigation, concluding with an establishment of the facts and punishment of the culprits. CBP officers, Border Patrol agents, and Air and Marine Operations agents continue to interdict the flow of illicit narcotics across the border. The federal government is demanding in court that Arizona take down a makeshift border wall ordered by the governor. Document Date: August 21, 2014 The Problem The Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects Americans from random and arbitrary stops and searches. Before that, he covered immigration, race and civil rights at the San Francisco Chronicle, was a criminal justice reporter at the Daily Journal and did a fellowship at Mother Jones magazine. THE PRIMARY MISSION OF THE BORDER PATROL IS TO DETECT AND PREVENT THE ILLEGAL ENTRY AND SMUGGLING OF ALIENS INTO THE UNITED STATES BY LAND, SEA, OR AIR, TO SEEK OUT AND APPREHEND ALIEN SMUGGLERS, AND TO ENFORCE ALL OF THE CRIMINAL PROVISIONS OF THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY LAWS (TITLE 8 OF THE UNITED STATES CODE AND CERTAIN APPLICABLE PORTION. [20] Months later, in November 2021, The Department of Homeland Security's Office of Inspector General (OIG) declined to investigate allegations against the agents on horseback.[21]. June 7, 2018: On a bus travelling from Bakersfield to Las Vegas, agents from the United States Border Patrol stopped and boarded a Greyhound bus at an agricultural checkpoint near the Nevada State Line. He later had to be sent to a burn center., In addition, the report noted complaints that medical staff at the facility do not administer oxygen, even though providing oxygen is a standard EMT function., The report also relayed what it described as a misdiagnosis that led to overreaction in the facility. All newly hired Border Patrol Agent Trainees are required to complete a 117-day basic training program which includes instruction in Law, Operations, Spanish, Driver Training, Physical Techniques, and Firearms. Fort Stockton Station. Our role as the primary drug-interdicting organization along the Southwest border continues to expand. The Border Patrol utilizes a variety of equipment and methods, such as electronic sensors placed at strategic locations along the border, to detect people or vehicles entering the country illegally. According to the May 22 memo, Border Patrol officials complained about the quality of medical care at the Donna facility. Although these inspectors had broader arrest authority, they still largely pursued Chinese aliens trying to avoid the National Origins Act and Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Executive Order 6166 formed the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) in 1933 by consolidation of the Bureau of Immigration and the Bureau of Naturalization. In 1986, the Immigration Reform and Control Act placed renewed emphasis on controlling illegal immigration by going after the employers that hire illegal aliens. The U.S. Border Patrol Academy is located in Artesia, NM. For instance, persons with fevers are sent to the hospital instead of being given a fever-reducing medication at the facility, they said. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Agents of U.S. Customs and BORTAC responded to the scene, and within minutes of their arrival, fatally shot Ramos, ending his 70-minute rampage. Among CBPs 204,561 total Southwest border encounters in May 2023, encounters with single adults decreased by 6% compared to April 2023, encounters with unaccompanied children decreased by 13%, and encounters with family unit individuals increased by 5%. [37] Environment and wildlife groups fear that the plans to clear brush, construct fences, install bright lights, motion sensors, and cameras will scare wildlife and endanger the indigenous species of the area. The first Border Patrol station began operations in Detroit, Michigan, in June 1924. In May, the average number of unaccompanied children in CBP custody was 435 per day, compared with an average of 500 per day in April. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Between 2010 and 2011 alleged excessive use of force by Border Patrol agents and Field Operations officers led to the death of six Mexican citizens. CBP announced changes to the CBP One app in May to allow for scheduling of presentation for noncitizens seeking to be processed under Title 8 after May 11, 2023 and expanded to 1,000 available appointments per day in May. Individuals who cross unlawfully or arrive at a Port of Entry without a CBP One appointment are subject to the lawful pathways rule, which places common-sense conditions on asylum eligibility, with certain exceptions. Together with other law enforcement officers, the Border Patrol helps maintain borders that work - facilitating the flow of legal immigration and goods while preventing the illegal trafficking of people and contraband. Considerable success has been achieved in restoring integrity and safety to the Southwest border, by implementing our border-control strategy. On April 9, 2019, CBP announced that the U.S. Border Patrol would transition from the .40 caliber H&K P2000 to an unnamed 9-millimeter Glock pistol, by the end of fiscal year 2021. This list included the Glock Models 17 and 19 pistols in 9mm, the SIG Sauer P220 pistol in .45 ACP caliber, the Colt Python .357 Magnum revolver, and the Smith & Wesson Model 19/66 .357 Magnum revolver. promoting economic prosperity through our border and national security mission. Ramos and Compean were charged with multiple crimes. Summer dress uniform The summer dress uniform consists of a short-sleeve, olive-green dress shirt (which may or may not have blue shoulder straps), brass, Winter dress uniform The winter dress uniform consists of a long-sleeve, olive green dress shirt, navy-blue, Ceremonial dress uniform Worn primarily by Border Patrol honor guard agents, the ceremonial dress uniform is roughly identical to the winter dress uniform, with the exception that a, Rough duty uniform The rough duty uniform consists of a green, long-sleeve or short-sleeve work shirt, green. [59], On August 7, 2008, Mexican troops crossed the border into Arizona and held a U.S. Border Patrol Agent at gunpoint. The Border Patrol has the lowest proportion of female agents or officers of any federal agency. In 2009 Border Patrol Agent Rosas was murdered in an ambush while on patrol; a bounty may have been paid to the assassins. As a less than lethal option, the Border Patrol uses the FN 303 launcher. LockA locked padlock U.S. Border Patrol @USBorderPatrol 1.54K subscribers 121 videos This an official YouTube site for the United States Border Patrol. The 18% attrition was largely attributed to agents transferring to the Federal Air Marshals after 9/11. Encounters of family unit individuals increased by 5% from 58,369 in April 2023 to 61,319 in May 2023, which is a 29% decrease from the peak of 86,631 in August 2021. Border Patrol agents have a choice of being issued either the Glock 47 or the Glock 19M pistol in 9mm caliber. WASHINGTON Congressional Democrats on Monday called for a review of secretive teams within the U.S. Border Patrol that have multiple roles, including protecting agents against . The Border Patrol issue Model 870 has been modified by Scattergun Technologies to Border Patrol specifications including: a 14-inch barrel, a five-shot capacity magazine, a composite stock with pistol grip, and night sights with a tactical "ghost-ring" rear sight. Bike patrol aids city patrol and is used over rough terrain to support linewatch. [12] In 1925, coastal patrols began as well. Their report, A Culture of Cruelty, documents alleged abuses including denial of or insufficient water and food; failure to provide medical treatment; verbal, physical and psychological abuse; separation of family members; and dangerous repatriation practices. This award is bestowed to Border Patrol agents for extraordinary actions, service; accomplishments reflecting unusual courage or bravery in the line of duty; or an extraordinarily heroic or humane act committed during times of extreme stress or in an emergency. In March 1915, Congress authorized a separate group of mounted guards, often referred to as "mounted inspectors". USBP is currently soliciting interested candidates for reinstatement to the following position: Supervisory Border Patrol Agent, GS-1896-13. Mexican border operations were directed from El Paso, Texas, and Canadian border operations were directed from Detroit, Michigan. The United States Border Patrol agents had no authorization to stop the Greyhound bus or interrogate passengers since the location was not within the 100 air mile zone of the United States Border as authorized by section 287 of the INA. The Border Patrol was officially established on May 28, 1924 by an act of Congress passed in response to increasing illegal immigration.

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