living human being definition

To begin with, scientifically something very radical occurs between the processes of gametogenesis and fertilizationthe change from a simple part of one human being (i.e., a sperm) and a simple part of another human being (i.e., an oocyteusually referred to as an "ovum" or "egg"), which simply possess "human life", to a new, genetically unique, newly existing, individual, whole living human being (a single-cell embryonic human zygote). Human anatomy and physiology are treated in many different articles. "35 (Emphasis added. The abortion pill RU486 also destroys the conceptus by interrupting implantation because of interference with the hormonal environment of the implanting embryo. The cells of this germ disc (the inner cell layer) develop into the embryo proper and also contribute to some of the extraembryonic membranes. The embryonic period proper during which the vast majority of the named structures of the body appear, occupies the first 8 postovulatory weeks. Quoting Carlson: " [T]hrough the mingling of maternal and paternal chromosomes, the zygote is a genetically unique product of chromosomal reassortment, which is important for the viability of any species. [20][21] The earliest record of Homo is the 2.8 million-year-old specimen LD 350-1 from Ethiopia, and the earliest named species are Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis which evolved by 2.3 million years ago. [135] Human population is believed to have reached one billion in 1800. From these, several thousand oocytes are derived, several hundred of which mature and are liberated (ovulated) during a reproductive period of some thirty years. It was abandoned with great embarrassment after Platos time (even by Plato himself in his Parmenides! Ultimately, all these cells are discarded at birth. They cannot singly develop further into human beings. [122][124] Most humans (61%) live in Asia; the remainder live in the Americas (14%), Africa (14%), Europe (11%), and Oceania (0.5%). Stem cell research obtains its "stem cells" by essentially exploding or otherwise destroying and killing a newly existing human blastocyst who is, scientifically, an existing human being. [56] It was in these cities that the earliest known form of writing, cuneiform script, appeared around 3000 BCE. [451], Humans commit violence on other humans at a rate comparable to other primates, but have an increased preference for killing adults, infanticide being more common among other primates. [376] The technology became much more sophisticated about 1.8 million years ago,[375] with the controlled use of fire beginning around 1million years ago. wex CIVICS government wex definitions Common stages include infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age. Singer argues that the higher primates, e.g., dogs, pigs, apes, monkeys, are personsbut that some human beings, e.g., even normal human infants, and disabled human adults, are not persons. Either of these criteria is sufficient to determine a human being is alive. [273] Women have a longer life span in almost every population around the world. [271] As there are chromosomal differences between females and males, some X and Y chromosome-related conditions and disorders only affect either men or women. [.] From a psychological perspective, Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a well-established theory that can be defined as the process of satisfying certain needs in ascending order of complexity. It is particularly in the writings of these and other bioethicists that so much incorrect science is claimed in order to "scientifically" ground the "pre-embryo" myth and therefore "scientifically" justify many of the issues noted at the beginning of this article. However, McCormick and Grobstein24 claim that even though the product of fertilization is genetically human, it is not a "developmental individual" yetand in turn, this "scientific fact" grounds their moral claim about this "pre-embryo." Having less sleep than this is common among humans, even though sleep deprivation can have negative health effects. This in turn raises questions about the adequacy of using the landmark of segmentation in development as the determinant of moral status. Well-being is the experience of health, happiness, and prosperity. [269] Women generally have a higher body fat percentage than men. Ronan ORahilly and Fabiola Mller, Human Embryology & Teratology (New York: Wiley-Liss, 1994). Humans ( Homo sapiens) are the most common and widespread species of primate. [14][15] During this split, chromosome 2 was formed from the joining of two other chromosomes, leaving humans with only 23 pairs of chromosomes, compared to 24 for the other apes. [321], For humans, sexuality involves biological, erotic, physical, emotional, social, or spiritual feelings and behaviors. While many of the common variants found in populations outside of Africa are also found on the African continent, there are still large numbers that are private to these regions, especially Oceania and the Americas. [434][435][436], As farming populations gathered in larger and denser communities, interactions between these different groups increased. The average sleep requirement is between seven and nine hours per day for an adult and nine to ten hours per day for a child; elderly people usually sleep for six to seven hours. (In fact, this genetic growth and development has been proven not to be directed by the mother. The products of gametogenesis are mature sex gametes with only 23 instead of 46 chromosomes. A human kidney or liver, a human skin cell, a sperm or an oocyte all possess human life, but they are not human beingsthey are only parts of a human being. Some exchange occurs between these groups. [327][328] Research in neuroscience and genetics suggests that other aspects of human sexuality are biologically influenced as well. [449] Human study of economics is a social science that looks at how societies distribute scarce resources among different people. However, McCormicks embryology is already self-contradictory. [423] As a social construct,[424] gender roles are not fixed and vary historically within a society. Clifford Grobstein, Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1988). Ethics Advisory Board, 1979, Report and Conclusions: HEW Support of Research Involving Human In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer, Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare, p. 101. [442], Trade, the voluntary exchange of goods and services, is seen as a characteristic that differentiates humans from other animals and has been cited as a practice that gave Homo sapiens a major advantage over other hominids. That is, upon fertilization, parts of human beings have actually been transformed into something very different from what they were before; they have been changed into a single, whole human being. being noun The state or fact of existence, consciousness, or life, or something in such a state. [454], The willingness of humans to kill other members of their species en masse through organized conflict (i.e., war) has long been the subject of debate. [195] Helpless at birth, humans continue to grow for some years, typically reaching sexual maturity at 15 to 17 years of age. These include allowing them to better problem solve issues, providing a means to control or influence other humans, encouraging cooperation and contribution within a society or increasing the chance of attracting a potential mate. The term is not used in this book.34 (Emphasis added.). After puberty, under stimulation from the interstitial cells, spermatogonia proliferate and some become primary spermatocytes. ORahilly defines fertilization as: " the procession of events that begins when a spermatozoon makes contact with a secondary oocyte or its investments, and ends with the intermingling of maternal and paternal chromosomes at metaphase of the first mitotic division of the zygote. [34][35], Human evolution was not a simple linear or branched progression but involved interbreeding between related species. [294] The only widely agreed notion about the topic is the intuition that it exists. 3-11; Moore and Persaud, op. [217] Around ten thousand years ago, humans developed agriculture,[218][219][220] which substantially altered their diet. A response to Anne FaustoSterling", "Are Humans the Most Intelligent Species? [96] Europe underwent the Renaissance, starting in the 15th century,[97] and the Age of Discovery began with the exploring and colonizing of new regions. Spiritually, humans have historically formed religious associations, characterized by belief in God, gods, or spirits, and by various traditions and rituals.Many religious perspectives emphasize soul, spirit, qi, or atman as the essence of a human being, with many holding that this inner essence survives the death of the physical body.For many, it is this inner essence that explains the unique . Would they then be considered as only human beings but not also as human persons? "7 (Emphasis added.). hide 13 types. [140] Problems for humans living in cities include various forms of pollution and crime,[141] especially in inner city and suburban slums. From oogonium to secondary oocyte takes from about 12 to 50 years to be completed. [127][128][129] Since the early 20th century, there has been continuous human presence in Antarctica through research stations and, since 2000, in space through habitation on the International Space Station. [121], Humans are one of the most adaptable species, despite having a low or narrow tolerance for many of the earth's extreme environments. [385][386][387] While the exact time when humans first became religious remains unknown, research shows credible evidence of religious behaviour from around the Middle Paleolithic era (45200 thousand years ago). See also, Bruce M. Carlson, Human Embryology and Developmental Biology (St. Louis, MO: Mosby, 1994), and Keith L. Moore and T.V.N. It has since then increased exponentially, reaching two billion in 1930 and three billion in 1960, four in 1975, five in 1987 and six billion in 1999. 39. [354] Other entities that have been described as having artistic qualities include food preparation, video games and medicine. (International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 1999, 19:3/4:22-36 (in press), The question as to when the physical material dimension of a human being begins is strictly a scientific question, and fundamentally should be answered by human embryologistsnot by philosophers, bioethicists, theologians, politicians, x-ray technicians, movie stars, or obstetricians and gynecologists. One should also consider simply the logicaland very realconsequences if a "person" is defined only in terms of the actual exercising of "rational attributes" or of "sentience." [243] Light skin pigmentation protects against depletion of vitamin D, which requires sunlight to make. As the human embryologist Larsen2 states it, gametogenesis is the process that converts primordial germ cells (primitive sex cells) into mature sex gametesin the male (spermatozoa, or sperms), and in the female (definitive oocytes). ORahilly and Mller, p. 55; Carlson, p. 407. [438] This cognitive flexibility allows individual humans to change their political ideologies, with those with higher flexibility less likely to support authoritarian and nationalistic stances. [36][40][41], Human evolution is characterized by a number of morphological, developmental, physiological, and behavioral changes that have taken place since the split between the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. Living Beings - definition of Living Beings by The Free Dictionary https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Living+Beings Printer Friendly The immediate product of human cloning would also be a human beingjust as in human fertilization. As populations became larger and denser, forms of governance developed within and between communities, and a large number of civilizations have risen and fallen. [394][395], Although the exact level of religiosity can be hard to measure,[396] a majority of humans profess some variety of religious or spiritual belief. [280] Humans may be the only animals who have episodic memory and who can engage in "mental time travel". [100] This expansion led to the Atlantic slave trade[101] and the genocide of Native American peoples. Fertilization and cloning are different processes, but the immediate products of these processes are the same. At puberty, humans develop secondary sex characteristics. Quoting ORahilly, who sits on the international board of Nomina Embryologica, again: "The ill-defined and inaccurate term pre-embryo, which includes the embryonic disk, is said either to end with the appearance of the primitive streak or to include neurulation. Some of this ancestry is thought to originate from admixture with an unknown archaic hominin that diverged before the split of Neanderthals and modern humans. 44. A zygote is a human being. [359], Evidence of humans engaging in musical activities predates cave art and so far music has been practiced by virtually all known human cultures. Human beings are characterized by the ability to speak. [295] Opinions differ about what exactly needs to be studied and explained as consciousness. [179][180][181][182], Most human reproduction takes place by internal fertilization via sexual intercourse, but can also occur through assisted reproductive technology procedures. See also, Larsen, op. And once a definition is accepted in one public policy, the logical extensions of it can then be applied, invalidly, in many other policies, even if they are not dealing with the same exact issueas happens frequently in bioethics. [145][146] The dental formula of humans is: 2.1.2.32.1.2.3. Fact 1: As pointed out above in the background section, there is a radical difference, scientifically, between parts of a human being that only possess "human life" and a human embryo or human fetus that is an actual "human being." [114], Early human settlements were dependent on proximity to water and depending on the lifestyle other natural resources used for subsistence, such as populations of animal prey for hunting and arable land for growing crops and grazing livestock. I will not go into great detail here,39 but "personhood" begins when the human being beginsat fertilization. B. "25 (Emphasis added.). [177] By 2010 estimates, humans have approximately 22,000 genes. Hence, the developing human embryo or fetus is not a "fish" or a "frog," but is categorically a human beingas has been already demonstrated. ; the female gametes derived from oogonia. All of these types of research have been banned by most countries in the world. They each have only half of the required number of chromosomes for a human being. The clear implication is that there is absolutely no relationship or interaction between these two cell layers, and so the "entity" is not a "developmental individual" yet. Thus these terms themselves would qualify as "scientific" myths. [83] During this period, Christianity and the Church would provide centralized authority and education. A great ape characterized by their bipedalism and high intelligence, humans have a large brain and resulting cognitive skills that enable them to thrive in varied environments and develop complex societies and civilizations. For extensive comments on the make-up of the NIH Human Embryo Research Panel and on its Report, see several of my articles in my book, co-authored with human embryologist C. Ward Kischer, The Human Development Hoax: Time to Tell The Truth! [171][172] The forces of natural selection have continued to operate on human populations, with evidence that certain regions of the genome display directional selection in the past 15,000 years. But McCormick continues: "This multicellular entity, called a blastocyst, has an outer cellular wall, a central fluid-filled cavity and a small gathering of cells at one end known as the inner cell mass. [380] The continued improvements in smelting allowed forging of copper, bronze, iron and eventually steel, which is used in railways, skyscrapers and many other products. [136] It passed seven billion in 2011[137] and passed eight billion in November 2022. It is a unicellular embryo. ); (2nd. Peter Singer, "Taking life: Abortion," in Practical Ethics (London: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 118; Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer, "For sometimes lettingand helpingdie," Law, Medicine and Health Care, 1986, 3:4:149-153; Kuhse and Singer, Should the Baby Live?

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