reproduction in pteridophytes

17.18. Outgrowths - Hairs, Scales, and Glands (ix) Antherozoids are unicellular, biflagellate (e.g., Selaginella) or multiflagellate (e.g., Equisetum and ferns) and motile. Introduction to Pteridophytes: Thus, a pteridophyte plant must complete two separate generations before its life cycle is complete. They thus support the Homologous Theory of alternation of generations according to which sporophyte and gametophyte are Himanshu Sharma, . Another cross wall forms a quadrant stage producing stem, leaf, foot and root. Phytomorphology 6: 1940, Stone IG (1960) Observations on the gametophytes of Grammitis billardeiriWilld, and Crenopteris heterophylla(Labill.) Isoetes is commonly called 'Quill wort' due to the quill (a large feather)-like structure of the leaves. Figure 6.2. the frond, but under suitable conditions they are capable of producing roots and juvenile fronds and eventually developing into Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Origin of Pteridophytes 3. of sporangiophores that alternate in successive nodes. Sm. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. In this, the new plant develops from stem or rhizome. in height and 1 to 3 mm in diameter. Therefore, these plants are also known as vascular cryptogams or snakes of plant kingdom. cells in Heinemann Educational Books, London, Britton EG, Taylor A (1901) The life history of Schizaea pusilla. The arrangement may change from the Bot Gaz 45: 280318, Yasui K (1911) On the life history of Salvinia nutans. spore-mother-cells undergo meiosis (reduction division) to produce four spores. stem, called a rhizome; roots; prominent erect leaves and the fertile parts with sporangia. they arise in whorls from the Leaves:- The leaves are reduced to (c) Equisetum arvense is used as diuretic (promoting urine discharge). Rashid A (1999) An Introduction to Pteridophyta, 2nd edn. The apogamous embryo may develop from one or more cells of the gametophyte. Cambridge Univ Press, New York, Bower FO (1935) Primitive Land Plants, pp 1658. Epidermis heavily cutinized but interrupted here and there with depressed stomata and (iv) Roots are adventitious in nature with monopodial or dichotomous branching. (1987) and Lelinger (1985), the ferns have been a problem in phylogenetics for some time. Which types of bacteria are used in Bt-cotton? Pacific and Australia. The pteridophytes occupy an intermediate position between the bryophytes and gymnosperms. similar Tippo (1942) considered Tracheophyta to include pteridophytes and spermatophytes. vasculature, they One of the antherozoids fuses with the egg cell to form a diploid zygote that develops into a diploid sporophyte. Bot Rev 53: 442490, Smith GM (1955) Cryptogamic Botany. duration of 3A, B). The male and female gametes fuse to form zygote which develops into sporophyte. unevenly thickened primary walls, provide They may reproduce both sexually and vegetatively. and siphonostele - any uninterrupted stele with an undifferentiated centre and one with as the trophophylls do. Families in Pteridophytes. Apogamy provides a bypass to crossover mispairing of chromosomes and stabilises the reproduction of polyploids [ 13 - 15 ]. Sporogenous tissue divides meiotically to form haploid spores. fertile and sterile stems. 9.3A) are terminal either on the main shoot as in E. arvense (Fig. Like all plants, the life cycle of ferns having also an alternation of a gametophyte Wm C. Brown Communications, Inc, USA, pp 1868, Mukhopadhyay R, Bhandari JB (1999) Occurrence of microspore polyads in Selaginella intermedia(Bi.) frond in some species, but sometimes along the rachis or at the base of pinnae of ferns.These may remain dormant and die with It has been observed that there is no change in the chromosome number (from the parent plant) when the aposporous gametophytes originate. and Stem anatomy: -Trassverse section of stem at internode is wavy in outline with prominents ridges and (viii) Archegonium consists of four vertical rows of neck cells, 1-2 neck canal cells, ventral canal cell and egg. This gives Equisetum a rough texture, After fertilization,egg cell or zygote contains a double set of chromosomes(diploid), one from the egg cell, one from the The rhizomes are infected with mycorrhizae . The other method of asexual reproduction is by spores. Sporangia-producing or fertile fronds(sporophyll): A leaf that produces spores. Stele:-Arrangment of stele is variable. Pteridophyta (Gr, Pteron = feather, phyton = plant), the name was originally given to those groups of plants which have well developed pinnate or frond like leaves. furrows or valleys of the ribbed stems. Xylem lacks vessels (except in order Gnetales of Gymnosperms) and companion cells are absent in phloem). 2013). General characteristics of Whisk Ferns(Psilotopsida), 17.13.Internal Structure (Anatomy) of Psilotum, 17.14.Development of sporangium of Psilotum, 17.18. So formerly, it was used in cleaning and polishing the metal pots. The rhizome produces true roots. If there is plenty of water (for instance after rain), then the stomata will open and allow water within the germinate into a haploid prothallus (n), the gametophyte. which extend the length of the internode. Since then it has been reported in many Pteridophytes e.g., Tricohmanes (Bower, 1888), Pteris aquilina (Farlow, 889) Asplenium dimorphum (Goebel, 1905), Osmunda Javanica (Sarbadhikari, 1936), Tectaria trifoliata Steil. Botany, Pteridophytes, Meaning of Pteridophytes. Which part of the male reproductive system store the sperm? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". 7.1D). Bot Gaz 79: 8594, Meyer BS, Anderson DD (1939) Plant Physiology. WH Freeman, San Francisco (USA), Goebel K (188081) Development of sporangia. psilophyte, Tmesipteris has stem appendages that intergrade from enations to microphylls (having a single vascular bundle These cells divide periclinally into primary wall layers and inner primary sporogenous cells (Fig. Stems:-The upright aerial stems exhibit a monopodial branching pattern, having one main axis of growth.Plant body has and inner Rhizoids are present. blades are connate (fused together), except at their tips, and form a sheath around each node with teeth along the upper elongated, Pteridophytes are cryptogams (Gr. underground stems, called In a few species, like E. sylvaticum, Gametophytes of most ferns have distinctive brownish PteridopsidaMembers of class pteridopsida evolved during the Devonian period(405 years ago) and diversified description and identification. The haploid In Stelar System 10. (vi) Antheridia and archegonia are developed on prothalli. appeared. spores or may be Heterosporous i.e., produce two different types of Psilotum - in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and the Americas. gametophye, but rapidly develops roots of its own and becomes an independent photosynthetic sporophytic plant(diploid) as the (xiv) Plants show heteromorphic alternation of generation. underground stems or rhizomes, and erect, dichotomously-branched, photosynthetic stems. Release depends on maturity of the sperms and the presence of water. Yeast: Origin, Reproduction, Life Cycle and Growth Requirements | Industrial Microbiology, How is Bread Made Step by Step? Ann Missouri Bot Gard 49: 5793, Hofmeister W (1851) Vergleichende Untersuchungen der Keimung, Entfaltung und Frucht bildung hoherer Kryptogamen (Moose, Farn, Equisetaceae, Rhizocarpeen, Lycopodiaceen) und der samenbildung der coniferen, pp 1179. F Hofmeister, Leipzig, Holloway JE (1918) The prothallus and young plant of Tmesipteris. thin and reticulate exine and an inner intine. from perennial, horizontal rhizomes. It consists clendroideum. on the rhizome or by fragmentation of rhizome. (iv) Spores on germination give rise to multicellular gametophytic bodies called prothalli (sing. antherozoid. Tmesipteris have compound sporangia called synangia. in some ferns arise from multiple layers of cells. and is the source of the common name for some Equisetums, scouring rushes. When this bud falls on the ground a new plant develops, as in Tectaria gemmifera. Sporangia are borne on the ventral side of specialized leaves called Sporophylls. 2nd edn. protostele. Vegetative reproduction:-Bulbils. McGraw-Hill, New York, Eichler AW (1883) Syllabus des von les ungen ber spezielle und medicinisch-Pharmaceutische. Bot Gaz 63: 5165, Christ H (1897) Die Frankrauter der Erde, pp 1388. Bower FO (1926), (1928) The Ferns. 2A, B). anticlinal divisions in the outer cell form a multi-layered jacket (wall) the inner cells of which break down to form the Xylem consists of tracheids only and phloem has only sieve tubes. Gametophytes of pteridophytes and some desiccation-intolerant bryophytes can also be frozen when provided with some cryoprotection, such as encapsulation in alginate beads followed by dehydration or the use of abscisic acid and the amino acid, proline, as a pre-treatment. The stomata (white spots) occur in the depressions. Tippo (1942) considered 'Tracheophyta' to include pteridophytes and spermatophytes. Reproduction 4. In size the gametophyte ranges from 0.5 to 2mm. photosynthetic (not in heterosporous members) and reproduces sexually, that is oogamous. Recent molecular systematic studies suggest that the family is actually related to What are the characters Mendel selected for his experiments on pea plant? two (diploid). The sporangia of pteridophytes are carried by the sporophyte and will burst open after the spores have grown. phoyosynthetic tissue and a rachisthat portion of the stem to which the laminar tissue is attached. merely different manifestations of a single plant body. except for E. scirpoides, Reproduction and fusion of gametes can happen in the presence of water. These are the true ferns.In the number of genera and species, members Am Fern J 61: 7586, Sadebeck R (1902) Isoetaceae. On the contrary, pteridophytes are vascular plants with xylem and phloem. Most ancient pteridophytes appeared in Silurian period, they were rhyniophytes. slimy mass of material around the developing sporocytes. This allows more water and nutrients in the soil to enter Psilotum. arising from stems embedded in its substrate, they both lack roots. (iv) Vascular tissue is well developed. It was first discovered by Druery (1884) as a natural phenomenon in Athyrium filix-femina var. (singular-pinna) . The Pteridophytes are of little economic value. Share Your Word File different species. Reproduction 7. One of the more distinctive It is a solid stems are impregnated with silica. SL Hora Gold Medal Lecture Award. Thus the vallecular pp 11152, Whittier DP (1962) The origin and development of apogamous structures in the gametophytes of Pteridiumin sterile culture. the soil but change in shape towards the distal region, are often pentagonal towards the first dichotomy and in the most distal Google Scholar, Duckett JG (1975) Spermatogenesis in Pteridophytes. Meaning of Pteridophytes 2. Tmesipteris has a more complex morphology in that it has structures on the aerial shoot that are foliar. In: Johri, B.M., Srivastava, P.S. Stems may be simple and unbranched, or bear whorls of branches. Pteridophytes reproduce asexually by haploid spores.. The spores are produced in specialized structure called Sporangia. even more) families, 300-443 genera and 9,000-15000 species. Trans R Soc Edinburgh 52: 93113, Liebig J (1931) Ergnzungen zur Entwicklungsgeschichte von Isoetes lacustrisL., Flora 125: 321358, Linnaeus C (1754) Genera Plantarum, Salvi, Stockholm, 5th edn. portions become triangular. annotinumL., und L. selagoL. A typical derives some photosynthetic products from Psilotum and Psilotum is benefited by the increased surface area provided by the HabitatsThese are most abundant and diverse in the tropics, but they are also well represented in the temperate zone. Unable to display preview. The xylem maturation in height and 1.5 to 6 mm in diameter whereas R. gwynne-vaughani was only about 20 cm. Gametophytes are bisexual; antheridia are large and slightly emergent. probably The small leaf Horsetail species with monomorphic By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Each sporangium pp 1192, Stokey AG (1950) The gametophyte of the Gleicheniaceae. Before sharing your knowledge on this site, please read the following pages: 1. Cortex massive, differentiated into three zones, outer 1-3 layered, photosynthetic; middle sclerenchymatous, 1-4 layered; In most ferns, the sporangium structure is unique, arising from a single initial. Scales may be attached basally or centrally on a small stalk. cylindrical in shape . the entire sporangium develops from The only difference is that a fertile shoot will bear a strobilus at These mature spores germinate to form a gametophyte. Botanik. Instead, Pteridophytes produce spores. Privacy Policy3. View statistics at the bottom of the page. Jahrb Wiss Bot 3: 484541, Pritzel E (1900) Lycopodiales. Santosh Kumar Upadhyay, in Cation Transporters in Plants, 2022. Sperms swim to the opening at the top of the neck of the archegonium. eusporangia. hairs. The plants of Rhynia were herbaceous. or colorless hairs (rhizoids) that apparently absorption water and to anchor the plant. Sexual reproduction:-The gametophytes are unisexual or bisexual but protogynous(producing female gametes internodes. cells at the tip are called bristles (setae). irregularly placed scales probably as a response to unfavourable conditions. 17.23. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are sometimes referred to as "cryptogams", meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden. the sporangial wall arises from the outer. cells.The epidermis contains stomatal pores and guard cells.Stomates usually occur in vertical rows within the Van Nostrand, New York, Mehra PN (1984) Some aspects of differentiation in flowering plants. While the inner cell forms the stalk, the entire sporangium develops from the outer cell. The Gametophytic Plant Body of Pteridophytes, 17.8. Flora 101: 220267, Bruchmann H (1912) Zur Embryologie der Selaginellacean. Arkiv Bot 6: 128, Lawson AA (1917) The gametophytic generation of the Psilotaceae. It divides by periclinal division to form the outer jacket cell and inner primary sporogenous cell (Fig. Morphogenese and evolutionary implications. to Interestingly, the only other hornworts), whereas the sporophyte is dominant in the more evolutionarily advanced seed plants. These stems grow up into the light and carry out Scales(paleae) :-Scales are flat plates of epidermal tissue one cell J Linn Soc London (Bot) 56: 188203, Bell PR (1963) The cytochemical and ultrastructural peculiarities of the fern egg. The bundles contain both xylem and phloem, and are surface of leaves.Developing sori are protected in various ways such as thin, dry outgrowths of some are met with in Tropics also, except Australia. Equisetum belongs Class Equisetopsida, 17.19. canals and the carinal canals alternate. Pteridophytes: Characters and Economic Importance | Plant Kingdom. Ann Bot (London) 42: 729738, Sharp LW (1912) Spermatogenesis in Equisetum. Branches:- Keywords. from it. Pteridophytes Miss Angler 67.3K subscribers Join Subscribe 311 Share 15K views 1 year ago Grade 11 This video covers the life cycle of pteridophytes with an explanation of alternation of. Vol 1. Spores on germination produce monoecious gametophyte. Pt V. The strobilus. Wilhelm Engleman, Leipzig, Sethi ML (1928) Contributions to the life history of Equisetum debile. Morphogenetic investigation of sori in leptosporangiate ferns. the male and famale sex cells (gametes), the female of which, when fertilized, develops into a new sporophyte to continue the Jacket cell forms the single layered sporangial wall while primary sporogenous cell divides into tapetal initial and sporogenous tissue (Fig. Pteridophtyes are a phylum of plants. Reproductive Biology of Pteridophytes. Spores:-Mature spores bear four long, spoon-shaped appendages known as elaters; these are originally coiled around is exarch. pteridophyte life-cycle. Learn more. Psilotum is homosporous. Ann Bot (Lond) 25: 469483, You can also search for this author in the spore itself but uncoil when the spores are released.Coiling or uncoiling of elaters depends upon the humidity. Majority of the Pteridophytes are homosporous e.g., Lycopodium, Pteris etc. Archegonia produces eggs by mitosis They are multicellular with sterile jacket, but without in special fruiting bodies; the spores are shed to produce the next gametophyte generation in the cycle. This is a question and answer forum for students, teachers and general visitors for exchanging articles, answers and notes. Pteridophytes show heteromorphic alternation of generation. intercellular spaces. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. nature. The It does not store any personal data. further gametophyte is about 0.4 in (1 cm) in diameter, multicellular, flat, heart-shaped, and green. Stems, rhizomes:-The stems of pteridophytes are mainly true rhizomes, i.e., stems that Economic Importance. Since Pteridophyta does not produce seeds or flowers, they reproduce by spores. have a simple non-green, short-lived, unbranched shoot with terminal strobili. The blades of fern fronds J Palynol 4: 114, Nayar BK, Kaur S (1971) Gametophytes of homosporous ferns. Classification of Ferns https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50133-3_9, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50133-3_9, Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. prothallus tissue with haustorial processes as in Anthoceros. Intriguingly, in a study, it was found that the RG II B levels in pteridophytes are known to be 50- to 70-fold higher . or question pertaining to this chapter please send it to appropriate Endodermis, Ground Tissue and Epidermis. Archegonium a flask-shaped They are the vascular plants (those having xylem and phloem tissues) that reproduce by releasing spores rather than seeds, and they include the highly diverse true ferns and other graceful, primarily forest-dwelling plants. Pteridophytes that bear only one kind of nonsexual reproductive spores are referred to as "homosporous" pteridophytes (Dudani et al. Evolution and ClassificationFerns first appear This provides a small Female sex organs are These live symbiotically for the Lyon FM (1901) The evolution of sex organs of plants. hypobasal and an epibasal cell. stem, commonly near leaf bases. Leaf development that is initiated at the tip is called acropetal, and this development is characteristic of most Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. the top of a simple or branched photosynthetic stem. It is commonly called as Christmas green. individual strand being called a meristele. Bot J Linn Soc 63: 327352, Duckett JG (1973) An ultrastructural study of the differentiation on the spermatozoid of Equisetum. Bot zeit 56: 141194, Bell PR (1959) The experimental investigation of the pteridophyte life cycle. primitive ferns. multicellular root hairs or rhizoids, and often resemble thallose liverworts. Some "heterosporous" pteridophytes give rise to two types of spores: large, female spores called megaspores and small male spores called microspores. Berlin, Engler A (1886) Fuherer durch den Kniglichen botanischchen Garten der Universitat Zu Breslau, Breslau, Engler A, Parantl K (eds) (18981902) Die natrlichen Pflanzenfamilien 1(4): Engleman, Leipzing, Farmer JB, Digby L (1907) Studies in apogamy and apospory in ferns. These have characteristic Gametophytes show the ventral and dorsal differentiation. Sporophyte cells have the unreduced number of chromosomes, usually two sets. 1. Later, apogamy has been described in many Pteridophytes e.g., Selaginella (Hieronymus, 1911, 1913), Marsilea (strasburger, 1907) etc. The diploid sporophyte is the dominant phase in the life cycle and the sporophyte is independent of producing a passage for entry of the sperm. (e) Starchy paste of sporocarps of Marsilea drummondii is used in making cakes and is called nardoo. The crozier is produced by a process of growth and unfolding, and the characteristic pattern thus formed is known as circinate different in that it is a single cell that has only one copy of each chromosome (haploid), and a seed is multicellular and has cytoplasm. Therefore, the plant has been given the name scouring rushes. Sexuality 9. The term apogamy was first used by De Bary (1878). In the transitional region at the base of the aerial axes the leaves. (vii) Antheridium is surrounded by a single layered sterile jacket. 4. Many ferns have pinnae that are divided two or more times, and the level of division of the fronds is termed pinnate (or Bot Gaz 37: 280293, Machlis L, Rawitscher-Kunkel H (1967) The hydrated megaspore of Marsilea vestita. Although ferns and fern allies have vascular tissue, they exhibit a vastly different form of reproduction as other vascular plants, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Stele is an actinostele with prominent xylem rays Economic Importance 8. germinates to produce male gametophyte and megaspore female Some Pteridophytes are heterosporous and produce two types of spores: microspores and megaspores. homosporous or heterosporous, And origin of sporangium tissue:- leptosporangiate Psilotum establishes an obligatory mutualistic relationship with a fungus that penetrates the rhizome. The Psilotum Rhizome has the most simple kind of tissue organization with Xylem at the center, surrounded by Phloem, xylem Sexual reproduction:-The prothallus has a single set of chromosomes ( haploid) and is the sexual part of the life spore is like the seed of a flowering plant, in that it is the way the fern reproduces and spreads. strength to the stems. Methuen, London. Archegonium:-Near the tip develop archegonia.The female gamete (egg) is formed in archegonium. spores-Smaller Microspores and Larger Megaspores. The main vein or mid-rib of a pinna is known as a costa (pl., costae). The Leaves originate at the Shoot Apical The cones (Fig. J Cell Sci 12: 95129, PubMed This type of sporangium arises from a single superficial cell. exceptions.Sporangia often organized into clusters called sori (singular, sorus) on abaxial (under-) leaf tissue. heterosporous species produce unisexual gametophytes. Difference between pteridophytes and new sporophyte. gametophytes. In still others, each bundle is surrounded by its own endodermis. There is a regular heteromorphic alternation of generations. Pryer et al. either side of the main rachis. Tindala (Grammitidaceae). These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. These mature spores germinate and develop into a gametophyte. photosynthesis.The stem has ridges and valleys. R. major was 50 cm. Jena, Davie JH (1951) The development of the antheridium in the Polypodiaceae. release the sperms through a pore. Science 142: 14831484, PubMed release yellow to whitish Aerial stems :-The rhizome system will send up aerial shoots. independent from the sporophyte and photosynthetic. bryophytes, 17.9. The outer cell divides by three successive periclinal divisions and in this way a tetrahedral apical cell is formed (Fig. ferns. 17.5. during Carboniferous period(345 million year ago) ensuring that it was the dominant vegetation on earth.They became extinct Google Scholar, Bell PR (1970) The archegoniate revolution. The sporangia dehisce longitudinally. A spore, however, is replaced by periderm layer. Psilotum is a low-growing plant devoid of any roots or eventually into a mature diploid spore-bearing sporophyte. information or visit forums for this environmental conditions. Today & Tomorrows Printers & Publishers, New Delhi. Rcc Trav Bot Neer 1: 113, Bierhorst DW (1954) The gametangia and embryo of Psilotum nudum. Though pteridophytes are advanced than bryophytes and contain a vascular system, the B transport mechanism is still not much known in these organisms. By the Triassic, the first evidence of ferns related to several modern Both Psilotum and From nodes extra axillary branches arise, usually annually to give rise to aerial shoots which are built on the base of a blade to the tip.Most commonly, the leaflets or secondary rachises are borne alternately (or at most subopposite) on Phytomorphology 6: 176184, Bierhorst DW (1971) Morphology of Vascular Plants, pp 1560. Microspores on germination give rise to male prothalli and megaspores to the female prothalli. WH Freeman, USA, pp 1944, Rouffa AS (1967) Induced Psilotumfertile appendage aberrations. They are attached to the substrate by fine The Psilotum gametophytes are nonphotosynthetic and subterranean.It is to form You can also browse genera found in Pteridophytes. MacMillan, London. Am J Bot 38: 621628, Devi, Santha (1977) Spores of Indian Ferns, pp 1228. embryo grows by mitosis into a sporophyte (the typical "fern" plant). The outer wall layers form the wall of the sporangium while inner sporogenous cells divide meiotically and form spores (Fig. functional.

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