theoretical perspectives on gender

The best feminist analysis goes beyond these innovations in subject matter in a crucial way: it insists that the inquirer her/himself be placed in the same critical plane as the overt subject matter, thereby recovering the entire research process for scrutiny in the results of research. Reading: Theoretical Perspectives on Sex, 133. Throughout this module we have examined the complexities of gender, sex, and sexuality. African women's theologies of survival : intersecting faith, feminisms, and development, Agency of Rural Nepali Women as Moderated by Community Learning Centres: a Postcolonial Feminist Perspective, The Socio-Spatial Dynamics of Identity Construction in a Gender and Development Communication Initiative, Womens Empowerment through Employment Policies: Case Studies in South Africa and India, Examining the changing status and role of middle class Assamese women: lessons from the lives of university students. www.equalitynow.org. Conflict theory suggests that as long as heterosexuals and homosexuals struggle over these contested social and financial resources, they will continue to be at odds. Morgan, L. H. (1877). (2003, August). In this sense, a theoretical perspective can be understood as a lens through which we look, serving to focus or distort what we see. (2017, November). Responding to Technologies of Fixing Nuisance Webs of Relation in the Mozambican Woodlands. Constant exposure to derogatory labels, jokes, and pervasive homophobia would lead to a negative self-image, or worse, self-hate. London: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 251-261. Sexuality makes up a large share of the self-perceived identity of some people, a small share of others. When asked to name the characteristics of a female, the list featured words such as unaggressive, gentle, emotional, tactful, less logical, not ambitious, dependent, passive, and neat. Later, when asked to describe the characteristics of a healthy person (not gender specific), the list was nearly identical to that of a male. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Since the early days of sociology, scholars have developed theories that attempt to explain what deviance and crime mean to society. Legal. Once established, these roles were passed on to subsequent generations since they served as an effective means of keeping the family system functioning properly. Feminist theory is a type of conflict theory that examines inequalities in gender-related issues. This notion is based on the work of West and Zimmerman (1987). Men have more to lose than their chains. Sociological theories help sociologists to develop questions and interpret data. For males, fear of the loss of the penis is a more abstract concept, meaning males must work harder to deal with uncertainty. She is involved in research and teaching on social policy, economic restructuring, and gender. Putting It Together: Work and the Economy, 213. When people perform tasks or possess characteristics based on the gender role assigned to them, they are said to be doing gender. Radical feminism, in particular, considers the role of the family in perpetuating male dominance. Conflict Theory Another way of explaining the effects of gender is through the conflict theory perspective. The term womens empowerment is viewed with a certain amount of distrust by feminists in Latin America. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. sexual double standard. 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Reading: Theoretical Perspectives on Culture, 48. Children also experience individual differences in treatment, which starts at birth with physical handling, clothes and toy choices and patterns of speech. Outcome: Sociological Views on Religion, 149. If you meet with a female loan officer, you may make an emotional appeal by stating your good intentions as a means of appealing to the caring characteristics associated with femininity. Children recognise the differential behaviours of boys and girls, generally, and the treatment by others in the form of rewards or punishments for appropriate/inappropriate actions. Some people, homo- hetero- and bisexual, experience their sexuality as deeply embedded in a matrix of gender meanings and gender differentials. Reading: Politics in the United States, 197. Gender is a core part of personality that rests on the childs awareness of its anatomy and its identification with the same-sex parent. If this occurred, procreation would eventually cease. Intersection Theory. Outcome: Race, Ethnicity, and Discrimination, 106. Sociological theories have different perspectives on mentioned social phenomenon. When the men returned from war and wanted to reclaim their jobs, society fell back into a state of imbalance, as many women did not want to forfeit their wage-earning positions (Hawke 2007). This study uncovered the general assumption that being female is associated with being somewhat unhealthy or not of sound mind. Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you should be able to: Explain the influence of socialization on gender roles in the United States Explain the stratification of gender in major American institutions Provide examples of gender inequality in the United States Describe the rise of feminism in the United States Conflict Theory According to conflict theory, society is a struggle for dominance among social groups (like women versus men) that compete for scarce resources. 1. These are psychodynamic theory, social learning theory, and cognitive-developmental theory. Interactionism might also focus on the slurs used to describe homosexuals. The Bank publication covers a range of topics on men and masculinities, and ultimately argues for men-streaming development. Others of each sexuality do not (Sedgwick 1990). This entry outlines and discusses distinctly feminist debates on sex and gender considering both historical and more contemporary positions. As a result, womens viewpoints tend to be silenced or marginalized to the point of being discredited or considered invalid. It uses the conflict approach to examine the maintenance of gender roles and inequalities. Reading: Theoretical Perspectives on Economics, 206. Ginzberg, E. (1975). the human species. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1414-8_11, https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter12-gender-sex-and-sexuality/, http://science.jrank.org/pages/9466/Gender-Studies-Anthropology-Feminist-Interventions-Legacy-Seventies.html. Engels, F. (1977). From this perspective, the road is well travelled, and the route is predestined. (2003, October). Tracing a complex trajectory from liberal to neoliberal feminism in development, this article argues that approaches to gender which are currently being promoted within neoliberal development frameworks, while often characterized as instrumentalizing gender equality, in fact rely upon, extend and deepen gendered inequalities in order to sustain and strengthen processes of global capital accumulation in several ways. The Palgrave Handbook of Gender and Development: Critical Engagements in Feminist Theory and Practice. Citing Paraphrases and Summaries (APA), 4. From a conflict theory perspective, sexuality is another area in which power differentials are present and where dominant groups actively work to promote their worldview as well as their economic interests. To take a specific example, let's consider how each theoretical perspective might explain the gender wage gap. [reveal-answer q=865257]Show Answer[/reveal-answer], [reveal-answer q=472028]Show Answer[/reveal-answer], Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, only when they apply to our biological sex, only if we are actively following gender roles. APA Citation Style, 6th edition: General Style Guidelines, 5. Reading: Recent Economic Conditions in the United States, 211. Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout. This is due to womens dependence on men for the attainment of wages, which is even worse for women who are entirely dependent upon their spouses for economic support. Both involve resolving an incestuous desire for the opposite-sex parent and competition with the same-sex parent. Please include your name, contact information, and the name of the title for which you would like more information. Poverty, women, and dignity: Reflecting on the writings of Ashapurna Devi. If you meet with a female loan officer, you may make an emotional appeal by stating your good intentions as a means of appealing to the caring characteristics associated with femininity. Copyright 2013 - 2023 by Welldoing. This article critically examines the World Bank's report entitled The Other Half of Gender: Men's Issues in Development published in 2006. Reading: Theoretical Perspectives on Religion, 150. Friedrich Engels, a German sociologist, studied family structure and gender roles. Reading: Theoretical Perspectives on Global Stratification, 103. Thus, it is not surprising that scientific understandings of gender differences have developed. These roles were considered functional because women were often limited by the physical restraints of pregnancy and nursing and unable to leave the home for long periods of time. 8614689. Theoretical Perspectives on Gender. Accessed on April 24, 2018. Theoretical Perspectives on Gender Sociological theories help to explain complex human behaviors, social phenomena, and social structures. Since functionalists identify the family unit as the most integral component in society, they maintain a strict focus on it at all times and argue in favor of social arrangements that promote and ensure family preservation. Ancient society, or researches in the lines of human progress from savagery through barbarism to civilization. These are psychodynamic theory, social learning theory, and cognitive-developmental theory. Hormonal hierarchy, hysterectomy and stratified stigma. Putting It Together: Sociological Foundations, 34. The men, however, do not experience the sense of bifurcated consciousness under this social structure that modern U.S. females encounter (Sanday 2004). The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. For example, a sociologist studying why middle-school girls are more likely than their male counterparts to fall behind grade-level expectations in math and science might use a feminist perspective to frame her research. PubMedGoogle Scholar. For assistance with your order: Please email us at textsales@sagepub.com or connect with your SAGE representative. Some people spend a lot of time thinking about sex, others little. Equality and cumulative disadvantage, response to Baxter and Wright. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 5(3), 3951. Finally, it highlights several concepts associated with Marxist, Black, Post-colonial and Queer feminisms and underlines their importance to projects seeking to critically redefine development, arguing for a radical re-appropriation of gender in this context. On the other hand, many gay and lesbian activists argue that legal marriage is a fundamental right that cannot be denied based on sexual orientation and that, historically, there already exists a precedent for changes to marriage laws: the 1960s legalization of formerly forbidden interracial marriages is one example. (2018). 114. According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, we do gender: [reveal-answer q=653033]Show Glossary[/reveal-answer] [hidden-answer a=653033]. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Outcome: The Social Construction of Health, 169. Reading: Introduction to Media and Technology, 235. Feminist Change Revisited: Gender Mainstreaming as Slow Revolution, Approaches to Women and Development in Rural China, PROMOTING GENDER EQUALITY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT A Paper Presented at a 2-Day Gender Summit Organised by the Ministry of Women Affairs, Social Development and Gender Empowerment, Why there was a Paradigm Shift from Women in Development (WID) to Gender and Develppment (GAD), 'Race', Gender and Neoliberalism: changing visual representations in development. Deliverables and Format: Submit your response in a Word document, in approximately 400 to 500 words. Understanding the sociology of sex, gender, and sexuality will help to build awareness of the inequalities experienced by subordinate categories such as women, homosexuals, and transgender individuals. U. nderstanding gender differences has fascinated people probably since the dawn of . Reading: Social Constructions of Reality, 51. Chapter 11 "Gender and Gender Inequality" examines some of the arguments of feminist theory at great length. Another scholar might proceed from the conflict perspective to investigate why women are underrepresented in political office, and an interactionist might examine how the symbols of femininity interact with symbols of political authority to affect how women in Congress are treated by their male counterparts in meetings. Outcome: Types of Formal Organizations, 69. A landmark publication in the social sciences, Linda Lindsey's Gender is the most comprehensive textbook to explore gender sociologically, as a critical and fundamental dimension of a person's identity, interactions, development, and role and status in society.Ranging in scope from the everyday lived experiences of individuals to the complex patterns and structures of gender that are . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1414-8_11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1414-8_11, eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0). Define manifest and latent functions of education Explain and discuss how functionalism, conflict theory, feminism, and interactionism view issues of education While it is clear that education plays an integral role in individuals' lives as well as society as a whole, sociologists view that role from many diverse points of view. Reading: Conflict Theory on Education, 159. Outcome: Reality as a Social Construct, 50. Theoretical Perspectives and Key Concepts Elizabeth B. Pearce. Why It Matters: Social Movements, Media, and Technology, 225. While it considers cognitive factors, it also underplays the agency of children and how they actively make sense of the world. Beoku-Betts, J. Theoretical Perspectives on Gender Structural Functionalism Conflict Theory Feminist Theory Symbolic Interactionism Being Male, Being Female, and Being Healthy Practice Theoretical Perspectives on Gender Sociological theories help sociologists to develop questions and interpret data. This structure gives offspring the best possible chance for appropriate socialization and the provision of basic resources. Because the meanings attached to symbols are socially created and not natural, and fluid, not static, we act and react to symbols based on the current assigned meaning. Interactionists are also interested in how discussions of homosexuals often focus almost exclusively on the sex lives of gays and lesbians; homosexuals, especially men, may be assumed to be hypersexual and, in some cases, deviant. Just as the name implies, conflict theory states that society is always. Gender and Society, 17(5) 750770. This analysis will be realized by using some gender sensitive indicators. It is possible to identify all societies, in their economic dimensions, as lying within one of five categories: the traditional society, the preconditions for take-off, the take-off, the drive to maturity, and the age of high massconsumption. Recently, we have seen the debate over the legalization of gay marriage intensify nationwide. Gender and Society, 14(6), 804808. Reading: Types of Formal Organizations, 70. Hello, would you like to continue browsing the SAGE website? Mitra, A. Reading: Theoretical Perspectives on Social Movements, 231. Many people have their richest mental/emotional involvement with sexual acts that they dont do, or dont even want to do. Gender experts, on the other hand, express a more accurate interpretation of the theoretical definition of intersectionality, and some emphasize the transformative potential of addressing multiple discrimination jointly rather than treating discriminations separately (04F19 gender expert). For conflict theorists, there are two key dimensions to the debate over same-sex marriageone ideological and the other economic. The focus is on the implications of theory for policy and practice, and the need to theorize gender and development to create a more egalitarian society. Gender and Society, 17(3), 370372, 370. Want to create or adapt books like this? Reading: Systems of Social Stratification, 87. Reading: The Graying of the United States, 181. According to this view, gender roles are learned through a mixture of observing the behaviour of others and modelling (imitation of same-sex caregivers). All focus on early childhood, that is, up until about seven years of age. Prior to 1973, the American Psychological Association (APA) defined homosexuality as an abnormal or deviant disorder. Outcome: Theoretical Perspectives on Stratification, 101. If not, why? Reading: Theoretical Perspectives on Urbanization, 220. Growth becomes its normal condition. When sociologists examine gender from this perspective, we can view men as the dominant group and women as the subordinate group. . Sociological theories explain, the impact of gender inequality on . This is in marked contrast to theories of sex, gender, and sexuality that link male and female behavior to biological determinism, or the belief that men and women behave differently due to differences in their biology. Overall, the psychology of gender is revealed in the grey areas, that is, the relationship between identity and expression, and how we make sense of the gaps between (biological) sex, self and the social. As a general rule, men's position in patriarchy and capitalism prevents them from recognizing both human needs for nurturance, sharing, and growth, and the potential for meeting those needs in a nonhierarchical, nonpatriarchal society. See whats new to this edition by selecting the Features tab on this page. Indicating the inherent flaws of the existing concepts and methods, a blueprint of the possible theoretical outline has been attempted by moving from individual subjectivity to plural objectivity, by challenging the locus of research, dilemma and jeopardy of gender studies, thus giving way to a new approach of gender as a social fact. Reading: Theoretical Perspectives on Aging, 184. Developing a theory of gender as practice, notes on Yancey Martins Feminist lecture. Reading: Technological Globalization, 239. They are 'the opposite sex'(though why 'opposite' I do not know; what is the 'neighboring sex'?). The sex/gender distinction. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Reading: Symbolic Interactionism and Deviance, 82. 3 - Theoretical Perspectives on Gender 4 - 5 - Summary 6 - Section Quiz 7 - Short Answer 8 - Further Research 9 - References View all as one page Next Traditional images of U.S. gender roles reinforce the idea that women should be subordinate to men.

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