101 facts about neptune
Its believed that the rings of Neptune are relatively young much younger than the age of the Solar System, and much younger than the age of Uranus rings. 6. The focus would be on Neptune and its largest moon Triton, which would be investigated around 2029. There are 14 known so far, most of the small and irregularly shaped. Neighbouring Pluto (a dwarf planet) is much colder with temperatures of -400 degrees Fahrenheit. Uranus, on the other hand, is greenish-blue. Petersen, Carolyn Collins. But then again, Pluto isnt a planet any more (remember?). @2020 - All Right Reserved. 13. This ancient society tried to stop El Niowith child sacrifice. The biggest of Neptunes moons, Triton, was discovered just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself. Neptune is the final planet in the Solar System Neptune is the seventh planet from the Sun in our Solar system. 8. This site is maintained by the Planetary Science Communications team at, Visit NASA Space Place for more kid-friendly facts, New Horizons Team Discusses Discoveries from the Kuiper Belt, New Study Finds Unexpected Temperature Changes on Neptune, National Space Science Data Center Photo Gallery: Neptune, Why Uranus and Neptune Are Different Colors, What Sounds Captured by NASA's Perseverance Rover Reveal About Mars, Cosmic Milestone: NASA Confirms 5,000 Exoplanets, NASA's Perseverance Rover Hightails It to Martian Delta, NASA Telescope Spots Highest-Energy Light Ever Detected From Jupiter, Parker Solar Probe Captures its First Images of Venus' Surface in Visible Light, NASA Planes Fly into Snowstorms to Study Earth's Snowfall, NASA's MRO Finds Water Flowed on Mars Longer Than Previously Thought, NASA's Curiosity Rover Measures Intriguing Carbon Signature on Mars, NASA's Curiosity Rover Sends a Picture Postcard From Mars, NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Images Saturn, Hubble's Grand Tour of the Outer Solar System, NASA's Juno: Science Results Offer First 3D View of Jupiter Atmosphere, How to Find Hidden Oceans on Distant Worlds? The spot changes shape and moves around the planet. The controversial man behind the atomic bomb, Discovering time-honored traditions in Texas, 4 French royal mistresses who made their mark on history. It's more than 17 times the mass of Earth and it could hold the equivalent of 57 Earth masses inside itself. Scientists using powerful telescopes and spacecraft have since discovered a total of 14 moons . Neptune is the most distant of the solar system's eight planets. Neptune's moons are also named after Greek and Roman water gods. (Updated April 2020), Plane Facts: Amazing things about airplanes (Part 1). May 21, 2016. Below, we have compiled a list of 10 interesting facts about this planet. More than 30 times as far from the Sun as Earth, Neptune is the only planet in our solar system not visible to the naked eye and the first predicted by mathematics before its discovery. Neptune was kind of discovered by Galileo in 1612 2. Neptune is the most distant of the solar system's eight planets. JPL's lucky peanuts are an unofficial tradition at big mission events. Voyager 2 took this picture of Neptune in 1989. Neptune has some features and characteristics that set it apart from the other planets. The last time this happened was in 1979, which lasted until 1999. The only spacecraft that has ever visited Neptune was NASAs Voyager 2 spacecraft, which visited the planet during its Grand Tour of the Solar System. Neptune orbits our Sun, a star, and is the eighth planet from the Sun at a distance of about 2.8 billion miles (4.5 billion kilometers). Neptune, like Uranus, is an ice giant. Detected by studying rapidly spinning dead stars, these giant ripples of spacetime likely came from merging supermassive black holesand they may reveal clues about the nature of the universe. Astronomers had actually spotted it through telescopes as early as Galileo's time but didn't realize what it was. The Voyager 2 also obtained a view of the planets Great Dark Spot a rotating storm system that has since disappeared. Neptune is the first planet whose existence was predicted by mathematical equation before empirical observation with a telescope. One Way Light Time to the Sun Loading. Confronted with the discovery of many Pluto-sized bodies in the Kuiper Belt i.e. Astronomy Cast has some interesting episodes about Neptune. The fossilized shin bone shows clear signs of butchery, but the identity of the hominin species is still unclear. 9. Neptunes atmosphere is subdivided into the lower troposphere and the stratosphere with the tropopause being the boundary between the two. Neptune hosts some very harsh storms 4. Journey Through the Solar System: Planet Neptune. And these are just of the things that make Neptune such a fascinating planet, and one that is worthy of study. Petersen, Carolyn Collins. You can listen here, Episode 63: Neptune and Episode 199: The Voyager Program. Its similar to a gas giant. When Neptune was viewed by the Hubble Space telescope in 1994 the Great Dark Spot had vanished, although a different dark spot had appeared in Neptunes northern hemisphere. A new study finds the speed of sound is slower on Mars and that, mostly, a deep silence prevails. Its temperature can be as low as -391 F (-235 C). Neptune is the fourth largest planet in the solar system. The planets deep blue color is derived from icy methane particles. The rest of the ring materials consists of small rocks. It is among the eight planets in the solar system. 3. When people think of ring systems, Saturn is usually the planet that comes to mind. Neptune has five main rings 7. Various astronomers worked out the mathematics and suggested that a planet WAS further out from Uranus. Although its named after the Roman god of fresh water and the sea, how Neptune got its name is interesting (point 1 below). An artistic interpretation of Curiositys view high up on a Martian mountain was created by mission team members. For example, in 2003, NASA announced tentative plans to send a new Cassini-Huygens-style mission to Neptune, called the Neptune Orbiter. Neptune's atmosphere is made up mostly of molecular hydrogen, atomic helium and methane. Over a century passed before the discovery of the second natural satellite, Nereid.Neptune's outermost moon Neso, which has an orbital period of about 27 Julian . It was an incredibly large rotating storm system with winds of up to 1,500 miles per hour, the strongest winds recorded on any planet. Finally, a decision was made that gave both mathematicians equal recognition for Neptunes discovery. Then, at the XXVIth General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union which took place between Aug 14th and 25th, 2006, in Prague the issue of which was the most distant planet was visited once again. Because of dwarf planet Plutos elliptical orbit, Pluto is sometimes closer to the Sun (and us) than Neptune is. Accessed: March 29, 2018. Credit: NASA Visualization Technology Applications and Development (VTAD). This Voyager 2 image shows the weird cantaloupe terrain of Triton, plus dark "smears" that are caused by plumes of nitrogen and dust from underneath the icy surface. Pluto was then discovered in 1930 and at that time, was classified as the most distant planet from the sun. Thats a long year! The average distance maintained by Neptune from Sun is 4,498,252,900 km or 2,795,084,800 miles, which is 30.069 times the distance of Earth from Sun. 10 airport and train station restaurants that are actually good. the moon didnt form in place like the rest of Neptunes moons. Neptune 101 Neptune is the most distant of the solar system's eight planets. Some scientists reckon that Triton is slowly spiraling towards Neptune. Methane absorbs red light and reflects bluer colors. Journey Through the Solar System: Planet Uranus, Journey Through the Solar System: Planets, Moons, Rings and More, The Pioneer Missions: Explorations of the Solar System, Journey through the Solar System: Planet Venus, The Discovery and Characteristics of the Icy, Remote Kuiper Belt, 7 Extinction Level Events That Could End Life as We Know It, Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey Recap - Episode 101, M.S., Journalism and Mass Communications, University of Colorado - Boulder. Neptune has the longest year of the gas/ice giant planets. That is some expensive rain! 9. The Voyager 2 passed within 1,864 miles off Neptunes the North Pole, making it the closest approach made by Voyager 2. As the windiest, furthest, and faintest planet in our solar system, Neptune is a fascinating world of superlatives. That's largely because of the tiny bit of methane in the atmosphere. Find out about the blue world's orbit, which of Neptune's moons is the largest, and how the planet is home to. (Part 1) What does coffee do to your body. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com, Meet 12 Incredible Conservation Heroes Saving Our Wildlife From Extinction, India's Leopard God, Waghoba, Aids Wildlife Conservation In The Country, India's Bishnoi Community Has Fearlessly Protected Nature For Over 500 Years, Wildfires And Habitat Loss Are Killing Jaguars In The Amazon Rainforest, In India's Sundarbans: Where People Live Face-To-Face With Wild Tigers, Africa's "Thunderbird" Is At Risk Of Extinction. Astronomers now have an explanation for why the two planets are different colors. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. Its position was determined using mathematical predictions. 22. Interested in an electric car? Neptunes biggest moon: Triton, Neptunes biggest moon, revolves in an opposite direction to that of Neptunes other moons. The methane gives Neptune the same blue color as Uranus. A NASA graphic showing how large Neptune is compared to Earth. Lassell spotted Triton on Oct. 10, 1846 - just 17 days after a Berlin observatory discovered Neptune. Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), NASAs Solar System Exploration Guide to Neptune. Your gut health can affect the rest of your body. Neptune is the furthest planet from the sun. Dog Facts: Amazing things about your best friend Why do we see stars when we hit our heads? That's due to its great distance from the Sun: 4.5 billion kilometers (on average). Carolyn Collins Petersen is an astronomy expert and the author of seven books on space science. If youd like more information on Neptune, take a look at Hubblesites News Releases about Neptune, and heres a link to NASAs Solar System Exploration Guide to Neptune. That's due to its great distance from the Sun: 4.5 billion kilometers (on average). Beyond this gas/ice giant's orbit lies the realm of the Kuiper Belt, where places such as Pluto and Haumea orbit. Storms on Neptune can last anywhere from a few weeks to hundreds of years. And in the "Star Trek: Enterprise" pilot episode, "Broken Bow," viewers learn that at warp 4.5 speed, it is possible to fly to Neptune and back to Earth in six minutes. The controversial IAU decision was made by four percent of its members, most of whom are not planetary scientists, and was opposed immediately by an equal number of professional astronomers in a formal petition led by New Horizons principal investigator Alan Stern. 2023 TheFactFile.Org. It takes 165 Earth years to make one trip around the Sun. Neptune is a truly fascinating world. Originally thought to be a large cloud itself, the information gathered by Voyager helped to shed light on the true nature of this phenomenon. A Neptunian year, on the other hand, is about 165 Earth years. Observers tracking this planet will notice that it seems to stay in the same constellation for years at a time. In about 3.6 billion years this moon will be torn apart and may add to the rings of Neptune. It's volcanoes even erupt ice. At the top of its clouds, temperatures on Neptune can dip down to 51.7 Kelvin, or -221.45 degrees Celsius (-366.6 F). Neptune was discovered in 1846 by Urbain Le Verrier, John Couch Adams, and Johann Galle. Thats almost three times the coldest temperature ever recorded here on Earth (-89.2C; -129F), which means that an unprotected human being would flash freeze in a second! Neptune has some features and characteristics that set it apart from the other planets. They are named after astronomers Adams, Arago, Lassell, Le Verrier, and Galle. Clouds streak across Neptune. Neptune has five rings. At least for now. He was the first to hypothesize that a planet may lay beyond. Composed of multiple images, this enhanced-color mosaic of a hill in Jezero Crater was created using Perseverance's Mastcam-Z camera system. Also described as a Neptune Orbiter with Probes, this spacecraft had a proposed launch date of 2016, and would arriving around Neptune by 2030. This is similar to the rings of Uranus, but very different than the icy rings around Saturn. But then in 1930, Pluto was discovered, and Neptune became the second-most distant planet. This may sound like a pretty simple statement, but its actually rather complicated. Neptune is the windiest planet in our solar system, whipping up momentous gusts that can reach more than 1,200 miles an hour. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Neptune is incredibly dim and small, too difficult to spot with the naked eye. One idea is that the cold temperatures and the flow of fluid gasses in the planets atmosphere might reduce friction to the point that its easy to generate winds that move so quickly. It found five main ring regions, some partially broken into "arcs" where ring material is thicker than in other places. https://www.thoughtco.com/neptune-cold-outer-solar-system-world-3073305 (accessed July 1, 2023). 10. Should we get lobsters high before eating them? Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited Neptune. Sorry, but your number one is just one opinion in an ongoing debate. This planet is very large; it measures more than 155,000 kilometers around at its equator. From Michelin-starred menus to gilded historic sites, these restaurants are worth a visitwhether or not youre a tourist. Length of Year 60,190 Earth Days Planet Type Ice Giant Distance from Sun Loading. Here is one about the Rings of Neptune, the Moons of Neptune, Who Discovered Neptune?, and Are There Oceans on Neptune? 11. Neptune has 17 times the mass of Earth, but also has almost 4 times larger. 7. At some point, billions of years from now, Triton will likely will be torn apart by Neptunes gravitational forces and become a magnificent ring around the planet. (2023, April 5). A Neptunian day is typically 16 hours, and it is the duration of time it takes for the planet to complete one rotation. Neptune is named after the Roman god of the sea. First, it orbits Neptune in the opposite direction in a very elongated orbit. Ancient bone may be earliest evidence of hominin cannibalism. 2. Temperatures at the top of clouds in Neptune are estimated to be about -366 degrees Fahrenheit. How sweet the FACTS! That means Uranus is Neptunes only neighboring planet. "Dr. Who" fans will remember that an episode entitled "Sleep No More" is set on a space station orbiting Neptune. Neptunethe eighth and most distant major planet orbiting our Sunis dark, cold and whipped by supersonic winds. 8. English and French astronomers battled over who made the discovery first, and there are still defenders of each claim to this day. Perseverance successfully collected its first pair of rock samples, and scientists already are gaining new insights into the region. The lander cleared enough dust from one solar panel to keep its seismometer on through the summer, allowing scientists to study three big quakes. Far more times than I care to count. NASAs Parker Solar Probe has taken its first visible light images of the surface of Venus from space. [2] Neptune's moons are also named after Greek and Roman water gods Which color? After it was discovered, it was realized that numerous previous observations had not labeled it a planet. That soothing sapphire expanse does reveal some of the whirling chaos below in the form of cloudy bands and massive gyres that look like dark smudges on its surface. With a distance from the Sun of 2.793 billion (4.495 billion km), Neptune only receives 1/1000th of the energy of the Sun in comparison to the Earth. Scientists are unsure what exactly Scooter is. Neptune. These rings are composed of at least 20% dust (with some containing as much as 70%) which are micrometer-sized, similar to the particles that make up the rings of Jupiter. One can only hope that future missions will be launched to the outer Solar System that will be able to dig deeper into its many mysteries. All rights reserved. Neptune has rings like Saturn and a storm spot like Jupiter, Johann Gottfried Galle was the first person to see Neptune and recognize it as a planet. Create a free account to continue and get unlimited access to hundreds of Nat Geo articles, plus newsletters. Like Uranus, Neptune is very dim and its distance makes it very difficult to spot with the naked eye. The flyby allowed for the study of the planets atmosphere, magnetosphere, rings, and moons. Neptune was the last major planet discovered, and also the most distant gas giant to be explored by spacecraft. However, this name of the planet was abandoned and it was finally named Neptune. I type first Well I love Neptune Its kewl cause its stands for Nachos Cause Pluto is no longer a planet its a Dwarf planet So now the sentence is My very eager mother just served us nachos. These bug repellents actually workif you use them correctly, People with ADHD struggle to stay afloat amid drug shortage, A supersonic jet chased a solar eclipse across Africafor science. Eris, Haumea, Sedna and Makemake and the ongoing case of Ceres, the IAU decided it was time to work out a clear definition of what a planet was. New Juno findings provide a fuller picture of Jupiters colorful atmospheric features, and offer clues about what's below the clouds. The discoveries led to the re-emergence of a long-held question what is a planet? Visit NASA Space Place for more kid-friendly facts. Its next orbit will be completed in 2176, so stay tuned. It was the first planet located through mathematical calculations. Voyager 2s amazing photographs of Neptune might be all we get for decades, as there are no firm plans to return to the Neptune system. How did the rings around Saturn form? But others are sure to surprise and maybe even astound you. The methane gives Neptune the same blue color as Uranus. Neptune is very similar to Uranus. In fact, at 1.638g/cm3, Neptune is the densest gas giant in the Solar System. Water can be liquid, solid and gas at the time same! When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. It is made of a thick soup of water, ammonia, and methane flowing over a solid core about the size of Earth. Hazes of smog formed by hydrocarbons are a dominant feature of the upper atmosphere. Join the discussion! The planet was the last to be discovered as it was not visible to the naked eye. 16. Find out about the blue world's orbit, which of Neptune's moons is the largest, and how the planet is home to the most severe weather in the solar system. The camera aboard NASAs Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft imaged Saturn on Oct. 13, 2021. Neptune has the longest year of the gas/ice giant planets. The five rings on Neptune are named after its discoverers (Halle (no, not Halle Berry), Le Verrier, Lassell, Arago, and Adams). Heres why. Even though Johann Gottfried Galle visually discovered Neptune in 1846, Galileo actually saw the blue planet in 1613, but he thought it was a star because of its slow orbit and great distance from. Both Neptune and Uranus are termed ice giants since they have different compositions than Saturn and Jupiter. Astronomers have measured stronger winds on Neptune than on any other planet in the solar system. That indicates that it is likely a captured world, held in place by Neptune's gravity after forming somewhere else. Neptune has five rings (Adam, Galle, Arago, Lassell, and Le Verrier) that are very difficult to see compared to the bold and bright rings of Saturn. Pluto vs Neptune:during the time Neptune makes three orbits around the Sun, Pluto makes two. - Camille Flammarion, Astronomy for Amateurs. Pluto was then discovered in 1930 and at that time, was classified as the most distant planet from the sun. If the decision were as unrepresentative as you claim, there has been ample opportunity to overturn it. Hydrocarbon snowflakes formed in the atmosphere usually melt before they get to the planets surface. Wildfire season is getting longer. When it was first discovered by in 1846, Neptune became the most distant planet in the Solar System. Hydrocarbons form hazes of smog that appear in the entire upper atmosphere of Neptune and hydrocarbon snowflakes that form in Neptunes atmosphere melt before they reach its surface due to the high pressure. During that period, Neptune was again the most distant planet. Finally, in 1846, astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle discovered it using an observatory telescope. Quick History Neptune was discovered in 1846 by Urbain Le Verrier, John Couch Adams, and Johann Galle. Following the discovery of Pluto, the title was stripped from Neptune. 2023 Fact Retriever LLC. NASA's Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited Neptune up close. Scroll or pinch to zoom in and out. The finding resulted in an international dispute with two opposing sides battling in support of Adam and Le Verrier, respectively. The farthest known planet from the Sun is Neptune. And it does not represent 4% of the IAU, it is only that this number of people were on hand to vote on the decision. Remote sleeps: Canada's best wilderness lodges, The destination drawing art lovers to Luxembourgs forests, Explore the world like Indiana Jones at these 11 destinations. Location: Neptune is the eight and the farthest planet from the sun. Neptune is an ice giant. Found someone with whom you want to spend the rest of your life? Lassell was one of 19th century England's grand amateur astronomers, using the fortune he made in the brewery business to finance his telescopes. Universe Today. Screw the jewelry store, take a trip over to Neptune. It takes 165 Earth years to make one trip around the Sun. Neptune has five primary rings, but they are thin and hard to see. The planet produces twice as much heat as it receives from the. Another, more recent proposal by NASA was for Argo a flyby spacecraft that would be launched in 2019, which would visit Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and a Kuiper belt object. The closest the planet gets to the Sun (known as Perihelion) is 4,459,630,000 km or 2,771,087,000 miles. A luminous river of stars, the Milky Way both inspires and awes. Neptune takes about 16 hours to rotate once (a Neptunian day), and about 165 Earth years to orbit the sun (a Neptunian year). In March of 2019, astronomers revealed for the first time that, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Explore Neptune! In particular, the Hubble Space Telescope continues to focus its view to chart changes in the upper atmosphere. With an equatorial radius of only 24,764 km, Neptune is smaller than all the other gas giants in the Solar System: Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus. This NASA cutaway of the interior of Neptune shows (1) the outer atmosphere where the clouds exist, (2) the lower atmosphere of hydrogen, helium, and methane; (3) the mantle, which is a mixture of water, ammonia, and methane, and (4) the rocky core. Neptune has an incredibly thick atmosphere comprised of 74% hydrogen, 25% helium and approximately 1% methane. Solar System 101: Facts about Saturn. next post. Another hypothesis suggests that there may be oceans filled with massive diamond icebergs. Solar System 101: Facts about Mars. Enjoy! To continue, enter your email below. Use Chemistry, NASA's Perseverance Sheds More Light on Jezero Crater's Watery Past, NASA's Webb to Explore Forming Planetary Systems, NASA Finds 2021 Arctic Summer Sea Ice 12th-Lowest on Record, NASA's InSight Finds Three Big Marsquakes, Thanks to Solar-Panel Dusting, NASA Confirms Thousands of Massive, Ancient Volcanic Eruptions on Mars, NASA's Perseverance Rover Collects Puzzle Pieces of Mars' History, NASA's Perseverance Rover Successfully Cores Its First Rock. Wildfire smoke affects birds too. Uranus is the other ice giant. 7. Neptune takes 164.8 Earth years to orbit the Sun 3. Its atmosphere is primarily hydrogen and helium, but like your anus, sorry meant Uranus, it has some ice water, ice ammonia and ice methane. The symbol for Neptune is a stylized version of the. The first person to have seen Neptune was likely Galileo, who marked it as a star in one of his drawings. For those who hold to the geophysical planet definition, Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris are all planets. Because of this the credit for discovery of Neptune is given to Urbain Le Verrier who mathematically predicted the existence of Neptune prior to its telescopic observation by Johann Gottfried Galle. Neptune is dark, cold, and very windy. Things get interesting inside the mantle, where the mixture of water, ammonia, and methane is surprisingly warm and energetic. However, in 1930, after the discovery of Pluto, the title of the most distance planet from the Sun was snatched from Neptune and was given to Pluto. National Geographic: Science. Its atmosphere also contains icy clouds and the fastest winds recorded in the solar system. You cannot download interactives. Location: Neptune is the eight and the farthest planet from the sun. Neptune has such a long journey around the Sun it takes 165 Earth years to go around once. Neptune may seem like a serene sapphire world at first glance. These carbon clumps then fall lower into the atmosphere where the extreme pressure and temperatures squeeze them into solid diamonds! 1. The long years are attributed to the longer duration of time it takes Neptune to complete one revolution around the sun. Neptune is the Most Distant Planet: This may sound like a pretty simple statement, but it's actually rather complicated. Neptune's orbit is quite elliptical, and sometimes takes it outside the orbit of Pluto! When it was first discovered by in 1846, Neptune became the most. Data from the Voyager 2 spacecraft also showed that the Great Dark Spot varied significantly in size during their brief pass of the planet. The only close-up studies of the planet were made by the Voyager 2 spacecraft. Here's how to prepare. Triton is quite an interesting place. Have an equatorial diameter of 30,775 miles (49,528 km), Neptune is massive in comparison to our home world. Want to keep your memory sharp? Neptune is a ball of gas and ice, probably with a rocky core. Though it's since disappeared, others have taken its place. Find out about the blue world's orbit, which of Neptune's moons is the largest, and how the . When astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle actually found the planet in 1846, both mathematicians took credit for the discovery. Science Writers: Neptune only gets about 1/1000th of the sunlight we receive, 9. It's the last of the planets in our solar system. Accept Read More, 1. Some areas look like the skin of a cantaloupe and are mostly water ice. There is a bright, wispy spot on Neptune nicknamed "Scooter." At the time, there were several of them, plus bands of high thin clouds. Since its smaller but more massive, Neptune has a much higher density than Uranus. The magnetic force on Neptune is 27 times greater than that on. She or he will best know the preferred format. The hypothesis is that when large lightning storms, which happen often, strike methane (CH4), carbon (C) atoms are broken away and clump in soot. In comparison, the strongest hurricane winds found on earth are around 360 feet (110 m) per second. Neptune's moons are scattered among the rings or out in distant orbits. In the lower troposphere temperatures decrease with altitude however they increase with altitude in the stratosphere. Neptune is about four times wider than Earth. Neptune is still the most distant gas giant. We have many interesting articles about Neptune here at Universe Today.
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