achievement test ap psychology definition

Accounts well for high-pitched sounds. Variable intervalschedule of reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after varying lengths of time (in operant conditioning). Secondary reinforcersomething seen as rewarding because it is associated with a primary reinforcer. Dualismsees mind and body as two different things that interact. Linguistic relativity hypothesisWhorf's belief that the language you speak guides and determines your thinking; largely discredited. So far we talked about motivations behind simple human behaviors like eating and sex. Semantic encodinginformation processed for meaning into short-term memory and long-term memory. Overgeneralization or overregularizationapplication of grammatical rules without making appropriate exceptions. Achievement testing can be done informally, as in when a teacher asks a student to perform a skill such as reading aloud or demonstrating correct laboratory technique. Womb envyHorney's counterpart to penis envy of Freudian theory; male's desire to procreate. Spontaneous recoverythe reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period. Privacy Policy - Terms of Service. Lensstructure in the eye behind the pupil that changes shape, becoming more spherical or flatter, to focus incoming rays into an image on the light-sensitive retina. An early IQ test created by Terman that originally measured intelligence by dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100. More recent theories have suggested there are multiple kinds of intelligence. Excitatory neurotransmitterchemical secreted at terminal button that causes the neuron on the other side of the synapse to generate an action potential (to fire). Consciousnessawareness of the outside world and ourselves, including our own mental processes, thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. Personal constructsa set of bipolar categories we use as labels to help us categorize and interpret the world; Kelly believes that personality is a habitual way we live our lives trying to make sense out of what happens. Bottom-up processingdata-driven information processing that begins with sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information to construct perceptions. Psychologythe science of behavior and mental processes. Thinkinginvolves mental images, symbols, concepts, and rules of language. Embryothe developmental prenatal stage (from about 2 weeks through 2 months after fertilization) when most organs begin to develop. Biopsychosocial modeloverarching psychological perspective that integrates biological processes, psychological factors, and social forces to provide a more complete picture of behavior and mental processes than a single approach. Metabolismthe sum total of all chemical processes that occur in our bodies, which are necessary to keep us alive. Dendritesbranching tubular processes of a neuron that have receptor sites for receiving information. Hypochondriasisa somatoform disorder involving persistent and excessive worry about developing a serious illness. ?proper training?, ?when ?skills? Delayed conditioningideal training in classical conditioning training where the CS precedes UCS and briefly overlaps. Psychosurgeryany surgical technique in which neural pathways in the brain are cut in order to change behavior, including lobotomy. Experimental groupin a controlled experiment, the subgroup of the sample that receives the treatment or independent variable. Higher-order conditioningclassical conditioning in which a well-learned CS is paired with an NS to produce a CR to the NS. IntellectualizationFreudian defense mechanism that involves reducing anxiety by reacting to emotional situations in a detached, unemotional way. Occipital lobesregion in the back of the cerebral cortex that is the primary area for processing visual information. Simultaneous conditioningin classical conditioning the CS and UCS are paired together at the same time; weaker conditioning technique than the ideal delayed conditioning. Intrinsic motivationa desire to perform an activity for its own sake rather than for an external reward. Achievement is the act of reaching a goal. Gyrifolding-out portions of convolutions of the cerebral cortex. Hierarchy of needs theoryAbraham Maslow's humanistic theory of priorities from the lower levels of (1) basic biological needs, (2) safety and security needs, (3) belongingness and love, (4) self-esteem needs to (5) self-actualization needs; a lower need must be fulfilled before we can fulfill the next higher need. On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a . Quasi-experimentresearch method similar to a controlled experiment, but in which random assignment to groups is not possible. Preoperational stagePiaget's second stage of cognitive development (27 years) during which the child represents and manipulates objects with symbols (language) and is egocentric. AP Psychology: Testing 3.0 (1 review) Standardized Tests Click the card to flip - A test with items that have been piloted on a population similar to those who are meant to take the test and whose achievement norms have been established. Prejudiceunjustified attitudes we hold about others; generally negative evaluation based on ethnicity, race, sex, or some other criterion. Power testsdifficulty level measured; untimed tests which include easy to more difficult questions, used to assess intelligence and other capacities. Inferential statisticsstatistics that are used to interpret data and draw conclusions. Standard deviation (SD)a measure of the average difference between each score and the mean of the data set; the square root of the variance. Actor-observer biastendency to focus on our own situations and the other person, rather than his or her situation, when we interpret behavior. Dual processingprocessing information on conscious and unconscious levels at the same time. Central tendencyaverage or most typical scores of a set of research data or distribution. Cognitive therapytherapy that teaches people more adaptive ways of thinking and acting in order to eliminate maladaptive thinking and emotional reactions. Reflex arcthe path over which the reflex travels that typically includes a receptor, sensory or afferent neuron, interneuron, motor or efferent neuron, and effector. Social referencingobserving the behavior of others in social situations to obtain information or guidance. Archetypesaccording to Jung, a number of universal themes that are part of the collective unconscious. Double-blind procedureresearch design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group. Narcoticsanalgesics (pain reducers) that work by depressing the central nervous system and can also depress the respiratory system; includes opiates and synthetic opiates: codeine, heroin, morphine, opium, Percodan, Darvon, Talwin, Dilaudid, methadone, and Demerol. Collectivismprimary identification of an individual as a member of a group (family, school, company, community) and goals of the group as one's goals. Perceptionthe process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensations, enabling you to recognize meaningful objects and events. Authoritarian parenting styleabsolute and restrictive rules by parent accompanied by punishment for disobedience. Term. Obsessive-compulsive disorderrecurrent, unwanted thoughts or ideas and compelling urges to engage in repetitive ritual-like behavior. Positive reinforcementa rewarding consequence that follows a voluntary behavior, thereby increasing the probability the behavior will be repeated. Catharsisin Freudian psychoanalysis, the release of emotional tension after remembering or reliving an emotionally charged experience from the past; as a coping device for stress, the release of pent-up emotions through exercise or other means. Memoryhuman capacity to register, retain, and retrieve information over time; the persistence of learning. Secondary sex characteristicsthe nonreproductive sexual characteristics including developed breasts in females; facial hair, Adam's apple, and deepened voice in males; and pubic hair and underarm hair in both. Affiliation motivethe need to be with others. Example: If a person weighs themselves during the course of a day they would expect to see a similar reading. Depth perceptionthe ability to judge the distance of objects. Stimulantspsychoactive drugs that activate motivational centers and reduce activity in inhibitory centers of the central nervous system by increasing activity of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine neurotransmitter systems; include caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine. Prelinguistic speechinitial steps of cooing and babbling, later accidental imitation, and finally deliberate imitation as precursors to language development. Multiple intelligencesHoward Gardner's theory that intelligence is composed of many different factors including at least eight intelligences: logical-mathematical, verbal-linguistic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic. Crisis is weaning from bottle or breast fixation: oral-dependent personalities who are gullible, overeaters, or talkative, and oral-aggressives who are argumentative or sarcastic. Achievement is the act of reaching a goal. Androgynythe presence of desirable masculine and feminine characteristics in one individual. computer or machine that has been created to "think" like a human. Achievement testing refers to any procedure or instrument that is used to measure an examinee's attainment of knowledge or skills. Bystander effecttendency for an observer to be less likely to give aid if other observers are present. Plasticitymodifiability of neural connections that enables generation of new synapses which results in storing and retrieval of memories or one part of the brain taking over the function of another. Students are dependent upon each other; self-esteem and achievement of "poorer" students improves, and former stereotypes are diminished. Social facilitationimproved performance of well-learned tasks in front of others. Children are born with a universal sense of grammar (Noam Chomsky). Confirmation biasa tendency to search for and use information that supports our preconceptions and ignore information that refutes our ideas; often a hindrance to problem solving. It can provide strong evidence suggesting cause and effect relationships. Premenstrual dysphoric disordera recurrent depressive disorder occurring most months in the days before a woman starts menstruating characterized by mood swings, feeling suddenly sad or tearful, irritability or anger, feelings of being "keyed up," difficulty concentrating, lack of energy, change in appetite, change in sleep patterns, sensation of bloating. Visual encodingthe encoding of pictorial images into our memory. Acquisitionlearning a new behavior; refers to the initial stage of conditioning in which the new response is established and gradually strengthened. Sensationthe process by which we detect physical energy from our environment and encode it as neural signals. Abstract learninglearning in which the relationship between and among stimuli is more important than the physical features of the stimuli. . Modelingprocess of watching and imitating a specific behavior; important in observational learning. Babblinga stage of speech development that is characterized by spontaneous utterance of speech sounds; begins around 4 months old. ?Furthermore, ?to? BasicThis level denotes partial mastery of prerequisite knowledge and skills that are fundamental for proficient work at each grade. Maladaptive behaviorbehavior which is counterproductive; interferes with one's interaction in society, and is a factor in mental illness. Levels of processing theory or semantic network theoryability to form memories depends upon the depth of the processing and the meaningfulness of the information to the individual.

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