filamentous virus definition

The fiber diffraction studies identified two structural classes of phage, differing in the details of the arrangement of the gene 8 protein. b. Polyhedral viruses consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a polyhedral (many-sided) shell or capsid, usually in the form of an icosahedron (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)B). We just learned that most viruses are much smaller than bacteria. The two ends of the phage are capped by a few copies of proteins that are important for infection of the host bacteria, and also for assembly of nascent phage particles. This focus review describes the utilization of M13 phage, a filamentous virus, for the development of a novel class of materials. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Wilson GM. d. Binal (complex) viruses have neither helical nor polyhedral forms, are pleomorphic or irregular shaped (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)), or have complex structures (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)F). H1N1). Roberts PC, Lamb RA, Compans RW. This arrangement results in rod-shaped or filamentous virions. Filamentous viruses are particularly of note as they are recurrently observed in human clinical infections [2834, 35, 36] (for example, filamentous virions are seen in lung sections from fatal cases of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic [37]). A virus is an infectious particle that reproduces by "commandeering" a host cell and using its machinery to make more viruses. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Some viruses are filamentous, meaning they have multiple layers of cellular membranes between their outer surface and the inner cellular layers . The Rab11 pathway is required for influenza A virus budding and filament formation. [5] Phages fd, f1, M13 and other related phages are Ff phages, for F specific (they infect Escherichia coli carrying the F-episome) filamentous phages, using the concept of vernacular name. A typical eukaryotic cell is comprised of cytoplasm with different organelles, such as nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and so on. 2022;27(5):714-738. doi: 10.1007/s12257-022-0115-8. Badham declares that he has no conflict of interest. The site is secure. A virus that has its capsid shaped into a rod-shaped or filamentous structure is called a helical virus. [40], The taxonomy of filamentous bacteriophage was defined by Andre Lwoff and Paul Tournier as family Inophagoviridae, genus I. inophagovirus, species Inophagovirus bacterii (Inos=fiber or filament in Greek), with phage fd (Hoffmann-Berling) as the type species. Palese P, Tobita K, Ueda M, Compans RW. As a matter of fact, flexible filamentous viruses cannot be grown as single crystals and past structural studies have mostly been limited to X-ray fiber diffraction or to the determination of the structure of isolated viral proteins. 14C2 binds to the ectodomain of M2 and is thought to disrupt the binding between the M2 cytoplasmic tail and M1 [47]. Rab11 is necessary for the budding of all morphologies of IAV [54]; however, Rab11-FIP3 is essential for the formation of filamentous IAVs [55]. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The family contains 29 defined species, divided between 23 genera. IAV is pleomorphic, adopting both spherical and filamentous forms [45]. This family's simplicity makes it an appealing model system to research fundamental molecular biology concepts, and it has also shown promise as a tool in nanotechnology and immunology. A single point mutation in a viral protein can alter morphology whereas silencing of a single cellular gene can also affect the ability of an IAV strain to form filamentous virions. Choppin PW, Murphy JS, Tamm I. Seladi-Schulman J, Campbell PJ, Suppiah S, Steel J, Lowen AC. The .gov means its official. Filoviridae viruses are negative-strand RNA viruses. . reported that Rab11 and Rab11-family interacting protein 3 (FIP3) are necessary for the formation of filamentous virus [55]. (2013) reported that longer filaments were typically devoid of a copy of the viral genome, whereas shorter filaments were not. While most viruses range in size from 5 to 300 nanometers (nm) , in recent years a number of giant viruses, including Mimiviruses and Pandoraviruses with a diameter of 0.4 micrometers (m) , have been identified. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Community College of Baltimore Country (Cantonsville), Cell Size and Scale Resource at the University of Utah, envelope and glycoprotein spikes Coronaviruses, source@https://cwoer.ccbcmd.edu/science/microbiology/index_gos.html. III. It encapsidates the single-stranded RNA of 6395 nucleotides and coiled spirally to form the right-handed helix structure. In this review, we have explored recent findings in how IAV is assembled and budded and how some of these mechanisms, especially from a cellular aspect, may influence the budding of filamentous IAV. Alternatively, the induction of membrane curvature may be driven by the crowding of HA molecules within a defined space (i.e. In addition, NA has been shown to cleave sialic acid bonds within the mucus secreted by airway epithelial cells [67, 68] and the greater number of NA molecules (owing to a longer viral length) may serve to more efficiently clear this mucus layer. FOIA Rabies virus is a bullet-shaped virus with nonsegmented, negative-stranded RNA genomes that encodes five different proteins such as a polymerase, glycoprotein, matrix protein, nucleoprotein, and phosphoprotein. The genetic material is a single-stranded RNA in the influenza virus and it is organized into eight pieces within the envelope. Binal (complex) viruses have neither helical nor polyhedral forms, have irregular shapes, or have complex structures. Beale R, Wise H, Stuart A, Ravenhill BJ, Digard P, Randow F. A LC3-interacting motif in the influenza A virus M2 protein is required to subvert autophagy and maintain virion stability. A Rab11- and microtubule-dependent mechanism for cytoplasmic transport of influenza A virus viral RNA. PMC However, it differs in subtypes. The biological function of this morphology is not known nor is it understood how host adaptation can select for a specific viral morphology; however, repeated passaging of filamentous human clinical isolates in chicken eggs causes a morphological adaptation resulting in the production of only spherical virus [28, 38] whereas adaptation to growth in guinea pigs restores filament formation [35]. Gelatin-methacryloyl hydrogels containing turnip mosaic virus for fabrication of nanostructured materials for tissue engineering. Seladi-Schulman J, Steel J, Lowen AC. Conventional electron microscopy, cryo-electron microscopy and cryo-electron tomography of viruses. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Simon Roux, Mart Krupovic, Rebecca A. Daly, Adair L. Borges, Stephen Nayfach, Frederik Schulz, Emiley A. Eloe-Fadrosh, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, "Filamentous phages: masters of a microbial sharing economy", "Big things in small packages: the genetics of filamentous phage and effects on fitness of their host", "Cryptic inoviruses revealed as pervasive in bacteria and archaea across Earth's biomes", "Phage liquid crystalline droplets form occlusive sheaths that encapsulate and protect infectious rod-shaped bacteria", "Pf Bacteriophage and Their Impact on Pseudomonas Virulence, Mammalian Immunity, and Chronic Infections", "The Transmembrane Morphogenesis Protein gp1 of Filamentous Phages Contains Walker A and Walker B Motifs Essential for Phage Assembly", "The fascinating biology behind phage display: filamentous phage assembly", "The new scope of virus taxonomy: partitioning the virosphere into 15 hierarchical ranks", "Multiple origins of prokaryotic and eukaryotic single-stranded DNA viruses from bacterial and archaeal plasmids", Cryptic inoviruses revealed as pervasive in bacteria and archaea across Earths biomes, "Studies on the sonic degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid", "Similarities and differences within members of the Ff family of filamentous bacteriophage viruses", "Ff-nano, short functionalized nanorods derived from Ff (f1, fd, or M13) filamentous bacteriophage", "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage fd DNA", "Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Thus, M2 appears to modify filament formation through binding and recruitment of M1, whereas M1 itself is required for the actual structuring of the filament. In the tightly packed epithelial layer of the upper respiratory tract, short, cell-anchored, infectious filaments may be able to directly deliver the viral genome to neighbouring cells without the need to release and transmit a viral particle. Kilbourne ED. Structurally, viral filaments are roughly equal, or slightly smaller in diameter (80100 nm) to spherical virus (120 nm), but extend to a significant length, sometimes upwards of 20 m, with lengths over 50 m not unheard of. The .gov means its official. This suggests that filamentous virion production is likely a multifaceted process, affected by several different viral proteins, all occurring in the context of an array of cellular partners. Edinger TO, Pohl MO, Stertz S. Entry of influenza A virus: host factors and antiviral targets. This virus infects hyperthermo-philic archaea of the genus Acidianus living in acidic hot springs at temperature 85 C and at pH 1.5. In vitro and in vivo characterization of new swine-origin H1N1 influenza viruses. Read this tutorial to learn plant cell structures and their roles in plants A typical eukaryotic cell is comprised of cytoplasm with different organelles, such as nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and so on. The M1 and M2 proteins of influenza A virus are important determinants in filamentous particle formation. Helical viruses consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a hollow protein cylinder or capsid and possessing a helical structure. Before However, it has recently been reported that certain subsets of filamentous virions may lack a genome [69]. The surrounding envelope and ribonucleoprotein core are the structural components of the rabies virus. During infection, the virus attaches to cell surface receptors containing sialic acid, which are recognized by the HA protein (), and the virus enters the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis.At the low pH of the endosome, a large structural rearrangement of the HA exposes a hydrophobic fusion peptide and mediates fusion of the virus membrane with the host endosomal membrane (), releasing the . Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error, Filamentous influenza virions are clearly visible after two passages of the clinical isolate influenza A/Rockefeller Institute/1/1957 (H2N2) virus in embryonated chicken eggs (a) but are lost following twelve passages (b). The cellular contents are surrounded by a double layer, cell membrane. 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Members of this family also cause human diseases such as vesicular stomatitis, rabies, and encephalitis. These types of viruses have an essential cavity or hollow tube that encloses their nucleic acid. The first symptoms are usually fever, sore throat, muscle pain, and headaches. It is easy to foresee that more new structures of filamentous viruses will become available soon and they will allow a better understanding of the rules underlying the structural organization of these organisms so relevant for the life on our planet. Yang X, Steukers L, Forier K, Xiong R, Braeckmans K, Van Reeth K, et al. Term 1 / 46 The concentration of virus that infects or kills 50% of the host cells is referred to as the Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 46 LD50 AND ID50 Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by DillonPatrick21 Terms in this set (46) The development of genetic transformation techniques is a precondition that enables scientists to target and modify genes efficiently and may reveal the function of target genes. Kim CU, Lew W, Williams MA, Liu H, Zhang L, Swaminathan S, et al. Between 1918 and 1920, an estimated 50100 million people died from the first recorded pandemic of a viral infection commonly known as the flu [1]. filamentous phage bacteriophage replication. National Library of Medicine Filamentous definition, composed of or containing filaments. These cellular structures and cell junctions are elaborated in this tutorial. The M1 matrix protein controls the filamentous phenotype of influenza A virus. Despite decades of research on the influenza virus, much remains unknown about the formation of filamentous influenza viruses and their role in the viral replication cycle. How to use pneumovirus in a sentence. An official website of the United States government. Chen BJ, Leser GP, Morita E, Lamb RA. Influenza virus A M2 protein generates negative gaussian membrane curvature necessary for budding and scission. M2 also plays a pivotal role in IAV budding by altering membrane curvature, facilitating the assembly of filamentous virions and then mediating membrane scission and the release of budding viruses [22]. Enveloped viruses consist of nucleic acid surrounded by either a helical or polyhedral core and covered by an envelope. Rab11 is a GTPase involved in the recycling endosome pathway and plays a role in protein and vesicle transport [56]. Would you like email updates of new search results? M13 is a filamentous, single-stranded DNA virus that infects gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. Filamentous viruses are long and cylindrical. Hayase S, Uno Y, Nii F. Ultrahigh-resolution scanning electron microscopy of MDCK cells infected with influenza viruses. [5], Three filamentous bacteriophages, fd, f1 and M13, were isolated and characterized by three different research groups in the early 1960s, but they are so similar that they are sometimes grouped under the common name "Ff", which are members of genus Inovirus, as acknowledged by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). 2005 Sep;150(9):1783-96. doi: 10.1007/s00705-005-0558-1. Considering that the upper respiratory tract consists of highly polarised epithelial cells and is the primary site of human infection, the detection of filamentous IAV in human clinical samples may be directly related to epithelial cell polarisation. Structure of the influenza virus haemagglutinin complexed with its receptor, sialic acid. Biophys J. Bookshelf The annual impact of seasonal influenza in the US: measuring disease burden and costs. Compare the size of most viruses to that of bacteria. Schonteich E, Wilson GM, Burden J, Hopkins CR, Anderson K, Goldenring JR, et al. High curvature promotes fusion of lipid membranes: Predictions from continuum elastic theory. In particular, when the Udorn virus is grown in polarised MDCK cells, filamentous virus is produced from the apical plasma membrane [23, 24, 45]. In contrast, strains of influenza that have adapted to laboratory growth typically produce only spherical virions. A computer virus is a form of malicious software that piggybacks onto legitimate application code in order to spread and reproduce itself. showed that M1 is required for the formation of filamentous VLPs, though it was not required to form bacilliform (<1 m) or spherical VLPs [25, 43, 44]. Electron micrographs Choppin, Electron tomograms of influenza virions, showing slices (left panels) and segmented images (right panels) of (a) a transverse section of a bacilliform virion, (b) a longitudinal section of the tip of a filamentous virion and (c) a longitudinal section of an Archetti body at the end of a filamentous virion. Clinical isolates of influenza virus produce pleomorphic virus particles, including extremely long filamentous virions. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Influenza virus is an unusual pathogen in that it is pleomorphic, capable of forming virions ranging in shape from spherical to filamentous. Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Antigenic variations in HA and NA give rise to the nomenclature H and N (e.g. Johnson NPAS, Mueller J. Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918-1920 Spanish Influenza Pandemic. Portela A, Digard P. The influenza virus nucleoprotein: a multifunctional RNA-binding protein pivotal to virus replication. The method to deliver foreign nucleic acid into cells is the sticking . Estimating the burden of 2009 pandemic influenza a (H1N1) in the United States (April 2009-April 2010). Once in the acidic endosome, M2 allows protons to enter the virus, triggering uncoating [20] and the release of the viral RNP from M1 [21]. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! As a result, the filamentous phenotype has been overlooked in most influenza virus research. Demirden SF, Alptekin K, Kimiz-Gebologlu I, Oncel SS. Spherical influenza viruses have a fitness advantage in embryonated eggs, while filament-producing strains are selected in vivo. NP binds to and is involved in the packaging of the viral genome along with the polymerase subunits for transport and assembly [11] and also interacts with various cellular proteins, such as CRM1 involved in nuclear export of the replicated viral genome [12]. The Rip11/Rab11-FIP5 and kinesin II complex regulates endocytic protein recycling. Single-particle measurements of filamentous influenza virions reveal damage induced by freezing. The meaning of PNEUMOVIRUS is any of a family (Pneumoviridae) of single-stranded RNA viruses that have a filamentous or spherical virion with a lipid-containing envelope, typically cause respiratory infections in mammals and birds, include the respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus, and were formerly classified as paramyxoviruses. A kinetic model for the impact of packaging signal mimics on genome encapsulation. Nuclear transport of influenza virus ribonucleoproteins: the viral matrix protein (M1) promotes export and inhibits import. In this paper we briefly describe the architecture of filamentous viruses that infect bacteria, archaea, plants and humans. Five to 15 % of the Northern hemispheres population is estimated to be affected per annum [6] with 250,000500,000 deaths globally per year [7]. This nomenclature persisted for many decades,[9] although the definition of fd as type species was replaced as M13 became more widely used for genetic manipulation,[43][44] and for studies of p8 in membrane mimetic environments. Biomechanical Role of Epsin in Influenza A Virus Entry. The matrix proteins, M1 and M2, are formed from alternative reading frames of RNA segment seven [19]. The specific arrangement of capsomeres determines the virus shape. Filamentous influenza virions are lost. Transmission electron micrograph of the bacteriophage. Any information here should not be considered absolutely correct, complete, and up-to-date. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of Biology Online, its staff, or its partners. Characterization of avian H5N1 influenza viruses from poultry in Hong Kong. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help A highly pathogenic variant, a/turkey/ontario 772/66. and transmitted securely. Itoh Y, Shinya K, Kiso M, Watanabe T, Sakoda Y, Hatta M, et al.

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