trinity alps snowpack 2023

Official websites use .gov A .gov Lett. Assessment of current methods of positive degree-day calculation using in situ observations from glaciated regions. . Two outdoor experts and an intrepid hiker give their tips for surviving in the alps, the outback and the tropics. Int. Features: This is one of two alpine lakes on the district that can be reached by passenger car. Trail conditions can change for several reasons. Brunetti, M., Maugeri, M., Monti, F. & Nannia, T. Temperature and precipitation variability in Italy in the last two centuries from homogenised instrumental time series. Res. There are three restricted areas on our unit. In parallel, we developed and then validated a method to estimate the seasonal evolution of snowpack over a century-long timescale starting from daily instrumental precipitation and temperature series (Methods) (Extended Data Figs. Department of Land Environment Agriculture and Forestry (TeSAF), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy, Marco Carrer,Raffaella Dibona&Angela Luisa Prendin, Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council (CNR-ISAC), Bologna, Italy, You can also search for this author in 4b; 135 series out of the 194 inside the working domain): mean (median) correlation value is r=0.75 (0.79), with lower and upper quartiles ranging from 0.69 to 0.85. Because the necessary meteorological variables (temperature and precipitation) were not always available at the HS stations, a site-specific synthetic daily precipitation and daily minimum and maximum temperature series were estimated with the abovementioned procedure. To assess the contribution of temperature and precipitation in the different time domains, we filtered and contrasted the frequency components from the juniper ring-width chronology and from OctoberSeptember temperature (representing both the biological and hydrological year) and OctoberMay precipitation (mostly falling as snow) series using the fast Fourier transform47. They can be accessed via the Shasta-Trinity National Forest website at https://www.fs.usda.gov/detailfull/stnf/home/?cid=stelprdb5157705, This is a great resource! Article Measuring the skill of variance-scaled climate reconstructions and a test for the capture of extremes. Youll see two Date/Time Lines at the top of the panel. 2) were very similar, highlighting that these different attributes were not able to introduce any significant bias into the mean growth series. Annually resolved site chronologies were obtained from the crossdated ring-width series using the ARSTAN programme that was specifically developed to remove any biologically induced age-trends and transient disturbance pulses present in raw ring-width series and to enhance the common high- to low-frequency variability probably associated to climate. Stay left and continue mile to Gumboot Lake. This 500 millibar map isshowing what is going on in the atmosphere at approximately 18,000 feet. CAS Extended Data Fig. a, comparison of chronologies computed after general negative exponential (Hugershoff, blue), age-dependent spline (orange) and RCS detrending (black). The Weaverville Ranger Station also no longer provides a recording about Trinity Alps trail conditions on their main phone number. The trail on digital maps doesnt necessarily match whats on the ground. Change 8, 9971001 (2018). F=snow-free ground, T=snow-covered ground. Of course, snow levels vary with the total amount of snow that fell over the winter, the time of season you want to hike, the elevation youll be hiking at, and geographical factors such as the tendency of snow to linger on the north sides of slopes. Summary. My book provides all the info you need to get started (but is not a guide to specific sites): Buy it on Amazon Climatol. My books Day Hiking: Mount Shasta, Lassen & Trinity Alps Regions, Hike the Parks: Redwood National & State Parks, and 100 Classic Hikes: Northern California include all the best hikes in Northern California. c, correlation between observed snow cover duration series and juniper ring-width indices from the Ventina site. Photos (1,169) Directions. In the Alps seasonal (NovemberMay) mean snow depth, recorded in several hundreds of in-situ snow depth observations, experienced an 8.4% decline per decade between 1971 and 2019, with a parallel reduction of 5.6% per decade in snow cover duration6. $15.00 per night. In 2 miles you will cross the dam that forms Lake Siskiyou. The European mountain cryosphere: a review of its current state, trends, and future challenges. Martin Snow will open his Trinity Boxing Club on Duane and Church again, starting in July. Suitable for tents and mid-size RVs or trailers. 47, 475497 (2008). In addition, its important to be ready to hike cross country should you need to. World renowned fishing on a classic trout stream. Bntgen, U., Esper, J., Frank, D. C., Nicolussi, K. & Schmidhalter, M. A 1052-year tree-ring proxy for Alpine summer temperatures. Billions of people around the world depend on these resources and mountain ranges are nowadays recognized as the worlds water towers, providing, with glaciers and snowmelt, a substantial water supply to downstream areas during the dry and hot seasons3. 25, 18551880 (2005). Weatherwise https://doi.org/10.1080/00431672.1974.9931684 (1974). Brigham, E. O. These ring-width records show that the duration of current snowpack cover is 36days shorter than the long-term mean, a decline that is unprecedented over the last six centuries. Dai, A. Now that people have discovered dispersed camping, there is competition to find vacant campsites on our district. These cookies do not store any personal information. 73. Can Dogs Help You Get Unlost When Hiking? Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Wood fires and charcoal barbeques are strictly prohibited. J. Clim. Your email address will not be published. Geogr. Clim. Extended Data Fig. In addition, to predict snow melting for century-long time scales, the degree-day method is often favoured over the surface energy balance ones due to its sole requirement of temperature as the input variable57. Tables, fire-rings, and vault toilet. Many junctions arent signed or the signage may be confusing. Shasta Ranger District, where the stay limit is reduced to 7 days in one location with a 30 day maximum stay for the year. If sites can be opend sooner we will post this information on social media and with our VIS staff. I discuss the main source for trail and road information below in this 2023 update. On the contrary, by using daily maximum and minimum temperature data, we obtained a more realistic evaluation of the precipitation solid fraction, having a better representation of the temperature range over the day. 20-y average of the reconstructed snow cover duration (red line) together with its standard deviation (grey boxes). SDDF shows, as expected, a clear dependence on elevation, with higher values at higher elevation; at fixed degree-days, the higher the elevation, the more efficient the melting process due to the usually lower residual optical depth of the atmosphere and shading effect by surrounding orography. The Wilderness Permits are free of charge and provide critical information. Cryosphere 11, 517529 (2017). WIREs Clim. Google Scholar. Remember, get the latest trail and trailhead conditions at the Trinity Alps Wilderness Pictures & Information page and by calling 530-623-2121 and then pressing 1.That number is also the place to call if you want wilderness permit information or you want to talk to a live person about your trip. A persistent reduction in snow amount and duration will probably produce profound effects upon these systems with severe cascading impacts on human well-being. Scant snow in the Trinity Alps Amy Gittelsohn and Cathy Anderson The Trinity Journal May 14, 2014 0 When the snow surveyor can jog out to a snow course in the high country of Trinity. Dendrochronologia 25, 6569 (2007). Required fields are marked *. 4a). Trinity Alps, CA 96052 Closures Monday, 5/22 0% Closures Tuesday, 5/23 0% Today's Lifestyle. 6/21. Stay on the main road around the lake and past the Lake Siskiyou Camp Resort. 26. The Alps are the most important water-supplying mountain range in Europe, with the Danube, Rhine, Rhne and Po being the main drainage basins and the Po river basin, on the southern side of the Alps, deemed the second most sensitive area, after the Rhne basin, when considering the intersection between water supply and demand for agricultural, industrial and domestic purposes3. Largeron, C. et al. Matiu, M. et al. Snowpack signals in North American tree rings. Join the Trinity Alps Wilderness Pictures & Information Facebook group. 4a) and interpolated the empirical SDDF values onto the site of interest. Zemp, M. et al. Sci. McBride Springs Campground(elevation 5,000'). Samples were collected in the central Italian Alps, at the Ventina valley (4618N, 946E), within or above the current treeline, between 2,100 and 2,400m above sea level, by randomly selecting the shrubs and saw-cutting a basal disc from one of the main prostrate stems. We also thank all the providers of the original meteorological data used for this work. No fee, but campers must self-register at the campground entrance. Out of about 500 HS stations located mostly in the southern Alps, we selected a subset of 312 stations on the basis of the quality and completeness of their HS records, preferring the recent automatic period over the manual one for its completeness and reliability (Extended Data Fig. Nobody goes there. Cryosphere 15, 13431382 (2021). Most of our developed campgrounds also have hosts to assist with visitor needs and questions during the busy season. All my favorite hikes in my home territory! 1) and resulting chronologies computed with the different approaches (Extended Data Fig. Pebble Beach Drive, Crescent City: Beach Walks, Ocean Vistas! Specifically, for the ith day with a total precipitation amount Pi and daily maximum and minimum temperature values Txi and Tni, the SP was defined as: with threshold (th)=2C as in ref. 26. The final scramble is almost low level mountain climbing. Clim. They can be particularly difficult to see if you are walking in the direction that is less common, since the sign may be on the opposite side of a tree. Turn south then stay right at the fork in the road. 40, 338351 (2014). Dozier, J., Bair, E. H. & Davis, R. E. Estimating the spatial distribution of snow water equivalent in the worlds mountains. J. Climatol. Bottom line is that most people will find long-distance travel more challenging in the Trinity Alps than in places with regularly maintained connecting trails. Geosci. a, Time series of temperature (orange line), precipitation (blue) and juniper ring-width indices (black) at the study site for the period fully covered by the three variables (18342018). Developed Campgrounds on the Mt. Bigger and black-bolded squares are the HS stations within 1500 and 2500m a.s.l., all the others are outside this elevation range. Due to abundant snowpack and winter storm damage, campground openings will be delayed roughly a month. Thanks for sharing the info about getting a fire permit. This wilderness offers many different trails ranging from 1.5 miles to 15 miles at varying levels of difficulty. 35 knots equals 40 mph; 55 knots equals 63 mph, etc. Quat. Completely updated! I feed the Weaverville FS road and trail reports on my walks. On Mt. In fact, juniper ring-width chronology shows remarkable reconstruction skills with both modelled (Fig. The Trinity Alps have seen more than double the snowpack of previous years. A 89, 167184 (2007). As short-term series of observations are not adequate to describe snowpack dynamics and the full amplitude of mountain wintertime conditions18, the absence of any continuous long-term (centennial or more) instrumental or reconstructed record of snowpack duration for the Alps so far, prevents it being correctly placed in the right context and assessing the true nature of the present-day shrinking6,19,20,21,22,23,24. Extended Data Fig. I am hoping to miss the crowds on such a early time but obviosly we need to have fairly snow free conditions, Any thoughts or other suggested trips would be appreciated. Krner, C. Alpine Treelines: Functional Ecology of the Global High Elevation Tree Limits (Springer, 2012). Buy it on Amazon. The page will reload with an additional section at the bottom that shows Forecast Hours. Nature 557, 651659 (2018). b,c, The same curves filtered in the low-frequency (b) and high-frequency (c) (higher or lower than 10yr) components through the fast Fourier transform47 together with the corresponding scatterplots showing the association between the ring-width indices with temperature and precipitation series. Tech. You can find her Facebook page here, and shes on Instagram here.). Physical basis for the temperature-based melt-index method. 8 seasonal precipitation and temperature reconstructions in the European Alps, those years exceeding in turn the 10th and the 90th percentiles for autumn to spring (SeptemberMay) precipitation and spring to summer (March-August) temperature, we obtained 10yr which are either the most drywarm or wetcold events. The various sub-sets were composed by all the juniper ring-width series: i) without any missing ring; ii) with the pith present; iii) derived from just dead shrubs; iv) derived from just living shrubs; v) without considering the pith-offset estimation for the samples where the pith were not visible and vi) with the pith-offset estimation, when needed. Bernensia G91, 8 (2016). The US Forest Service has a snow-depth map for the Trinity Alps and anywhere else in the United States. Clim. I discuss the main source for trail and road information below in this 2023 update. Releasing their list of 7 Favorite Fall Backpacking Trips, Outside Magazine featured the wilderness utopia of the Trinity Alps, highlighting it as one of the best fall backpacking adventures in the country.Here is what they had to say about it: The Trinity Alps, between the Coast Range and the Cascades in Northern California, is a haven for backpackers, thanks to its 525,000 acres of rugged . We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. There are several user-created sites located on the south side of the highway. In 2 miles you will cross the dam that forms Lake Siskiyou. Toward snow cover estimation in mountainous areas using modern data assimilation methods: a review. Pfister, C., Rohr, C. & Jover, A. Euro-Climhist: eine Datenplattform der Universitt Bern zur Witterungs-, Klima-und Katastrophengeschichte. Sci. 89 in the McCloud River Loop area. We used 15 long-term snow-depth series (period 1930-2023, elevation range: 864-2200 m a.s.l.) https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048437 (2011). 7 for the HISTALP project. Here, there are several instrumental pressure, temperature and precipitation series extending back to the mid-eighteenth century7. View Recreation Opportunity Guides at: https://www.fs.usda.gov/detailfull/stnf/recreation/?cid=fsm9_009084&width=full. We here address these issues by developing a 600yr snowpack duration reconstruction based on 572 ring-width individual series from the southern Alps. Completely updated! Coppola, A., Leonelli, G., Salvatore, M. C., Pelfini, M. & Baroni, C. Tree-ring based summer mean temperature variations in the Adamello-Presanella Group (Italian Central Alps), 16102008 ad. A miniature spring-fed seasonal creek flows through the campground, and a hand operated pump provides well water. This includes the lower section of the Everett Memorial Highway heading up Mt. To this end, we interpolated daily temperature (mean, minimum and maximum) and precipitation onto any specific location following ref. e, The expressed population signal46 (EPS in blue) and mean interseries correlation (Rbar in orange) calculated over 30yr periods and slid at yearly step along the chronology. Citterio, M. et al. Past 8, 89115 (2012). About three miles from the Forest boundary is the first of two bridges you will cross. Conversely, the signatures of several well-known harsh winters across Europe, as in 1740 or 1985, have been poorly expressed in SALP and confirm, also with available observations for 1985, the complex modulation of snowpack from temperature and precipitation where even an extreme cold spell or some exceptional snowfalls might not necessarily induce a persisting snow cover. Thus, we performed a further validation computing the correlation between observed and independently reconstructed (in leave-one-out) snow cover duration series for each HS site with at least 15yr of available data (Extended Data Fig. Current Snow Depth Map. Tour. Ser. Brzdil, R. et al. Thats a lot of hiking in the Alps! Hikers can hike mile to the west or drive 2 miles from the lake to the Gumboot Trailhead to access the Pacific Crest Trail. Holocene 5, 229237 (1995). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The vertical black dashed line crossing the plots highlights the starting year of the reconstruction. Generally considered a challenging route, it takes an average of 8 h 31 min to complete. We tested different approaches to remove the age-related and disturbance trends: (1) a deterministic approach, using a generalized exponential Hugershoff curve; (2) a stochastic one adopting an age-dependent spline with the initial value of 50yr and (3) a biological approach using the regional curve standardization (RCS). 2). 14 day stay limit. Explore the most popular trails in my list Trinity Alps with hand-curated trail maps and driving directions as well as detailed reviews and photos from hikers, campers and nature lovers like you. Metorol. Get the most up-to-date info on the Trinity Alps Wilderness Pictures & Information Facebook group. 551, 374396 (2017). A.) Because of the fragile nature of the meadows, great care must be given by all who visit not to incur damage. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The campground is about a quarter of a mile below the lake. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/global-summary-of-the-day/, http://www.scia.isprambiente.it/wwwrootscia/Home_new.html, https://www.arpa.piemonte.it/rischinaturali/accesso-ai-dati/annali_meteoidrologici/annali-meteo-idro/banca-dati-meteorologica.html, https://www.meteotrentino.it/#!/content?menuItemDesktop=111, https://gate.meteoswiss.ch/idaweb/login.do, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06303-3, https://doi.org/10.1080/00431672.1974.9931684. Deep in the Trinity Alps, 130 miles northwest of the troubled Oroville Dam, local officials are raising alarms about another earthen dam with documented weaknesses and limited capacity for. Shimmy Lake snow data: Wx Forecast | Wx Maps. Therefore, we built the final chronology collating all the crossdated series and, to preserve at most the low-frequency signal retained in the ring-width series, we opted to apply the RCS detrending technique67,68. Mt. darn but we have some fine areas here to. The strong association between SALP and temperature in the low-frequency domain suggests that the recent shrinkage of snowpack duration is mostly related to the warming occurring in the last century, whereas the year-to-year variability seems to be mostly associated with the typical variability in cold-season precipitation. The date/time on the right indicates which panel you are viewing. Trawger, L. Convinced, ambivalent or annoyed: Tyrolean ski tourism stakeholders and their perceptions of climate change. These valuable instrumental records, coupled with the abundance of long-lived tree species growing at high elevation, led to the development of several yearly resolved tree-ring climate reconstructions calibrated and independently verified to instrumental target data over exceptionally long periods. Change 139, 637649 (2016). The date/time on the left is the date/time the model was created (the start point). J. Glaciol. Ann. No snow until the avalanche spot around mile 7.5 or 8, have a GPS to find your way across for sure and . Dogs must be leashed. Scary but worth it. We considered this relationship with elevation to interpolate the observed SDDF values at site level. Bunny Flat has a toilet but no water. Shasta-Trinity National Forest Headquarters 3644 Avtech Parkway Redding, CA 96002 . The confidence intervals of the reconstruction were computed considering the standard error (2root mean square error) derived from the calibration against modelled snow cover duration over the whole 18342018 period. Cook, E. R., Briffa, K. R., Meko, D. M., Graybill, D. A. The scripts generated for the climate data processing in the submitted study are available from the open repository: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7333328 (ref. Therefore, for the ith day, the amount of M is defined as: where Tmi is the mean daily temperature of the ith day, DDth the daily temperature threshold and SDDF is the snow degree-day factor. We thank Matilda and Miranda Carrer, R. Cerrato, M. Garbarino, E. Lingua, R. Marzano, G. Mozzi, A. Pacheco Solana and L. Unterholzner for help with fieldwork, F. Lenatti for logistic support and E. Pellizzari for measuring the first samples. See more details of closed trails covered by my Northern California hiking guidebooks. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Explore the most popular backpacking trails in Trinity Alps Wilderness with hand-curated trail maps and driving directions as well as detailed reviews and photos from hikers, campers and nature lovers like you. Shasta Ranger Station is open Monday through Friday 8 am to 4 pm. Bntgen, U., Frank, D. C., Nievergelt, D. & Esper, J. Buy it on Apple, Kobo, and Nook. Next, check the 700_rh_ht model. You have to drop in from the ridge. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. The growth curves (Extended Data Fig. . Snow cover in high-latitude and high-altitude regions has strong effects on the Earths climate, environmental processes and socio-economic activities. Top News and Stories. To derive snow cover duration, we need to estimate both the amount of solid precipitation (SP) and the snowmelt (M), then accumulate both terms at a daily step during the whole snowy season. Marty, C., Schlgl, S., Bavay, M. & Lehning, M. How much can we save? The leveled off parking pads are still usable and there is a great view of Mt. This represents the other 80% of the wilderness. Description: This campground is also located on the McCloud River 10 miles east of the town of McCloud, just south of Highway 89. Here are six key aspects of backpacking in the Trinity Alps: Except for the initial 5-10 miles on high use trails such as Canyon Creek, Stuart Fork, Long Canyon, Stoney Ridge, and Swift Creek, plan for neglected trails which means at lower elevations youll find overgrown trails. Shasta. ISSN 1758-6798 (online) All authors contributed to the discussion and interpretation of the results. The Alps with their snow cover represent the water towers for Europe and play a key role in both natural environmental systems and a wealth of snow/water socio-economic sectors that revolve around winter snow availability. Road maintenance can be particularly expensive, and erosion can turn what was once a road accessible to passenger cars with moderate clearance into a road accessible only to SUVs and trucks with high clearance. All rights reserved. Buy it on Amazon, Find out more about hiking guidebook author John Soares. Hydrology 2, 266288 (2015). 59 as already applied in ref. Do feel free to call and ask with more general questions: at 530-623-2121, and then press 0 for the operator. Remember each panel or frame is a 3 hour interval and you must adjust for your time zone. What I do know is that the releases are a lot of water 60,000AF, that maybe could have helped with the Spring Releases, if the TMC includes to also do. $15.00 per night. This habit, usual in junipers growing at high elevation (Fig. The 500yr reconstructions of the cumulative length-change for seven Alpine glaciers29, featured a long-term change closely matching what we found in SALP where a centennial phase of stability, from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries, follows a rapid retreat briefly interrupted by the ephemeral recovering stage between 1960 to the early 1980s (Extended Data Fig. Recent waning snowpack in the Alps is unprecedented in the last six centuries. As an example, Extended Data Fig. Considering the typical irregular and lobate growth form of juniper stems at this elevation (Fig. Expect to wait till July for the trail to be . Values within the plot highlight the two periods with the maximum and minimum duration in the last 600 years. Benchmarking homogenization algorithms for monthly data. carried out the analysis and wrote the first draft of the manuscript with input from A.L.P. Lett. 2022 and 2023. Details here. Shasta Recreation Report Mt. J. Sust. Return to top. Esper, J., Cook, E. R., Krusic, P. J., Peters, K. & Schweingruber, F. H. Tests of the RCS method for preserving low-frequency variability in long tree-ring chronologies. Also KML files with accurate paths showing trail locations. 8 reconstruction. where ${\mathrm{SP}_{\mathrm{sum}}}$ is the total snow amount (in terms of water equivalent) accumulated over the snowy season and N is the number of days necessary for melting the whole snow cover58. Get notified of new articles and updated info, 1-4 times per month. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. 31 sites can be reserved in advance at recreation.gov. Posted Sat 24 Jun 2023 at 11:54pm . (And see this post what to do to survive a wildfire). website belongs to an official government organization in the Dogs must be leashed. With the first two methods, a specific individual detrending curve is computed for each ring-width series, whereas with the RCS a single mean growth curve is obtained, realigning by biological age, averaging and then smoothing with an age-dependent spline66, resulting in a growth ageing curve from all ring-width time series. This is a better model for evaluating mid-elevation winds and potential precipitation. Lett. However, we did not focus on single day condition but rather on the mean observed versus reconstructed length of the snow cover for the whole season. Click on Model Guidance and it will take you to a menu of models. the Trinities have some serious elevation change! Clim. Recent waning snowpack in the Alps is unprecedented in the last six centuries, $$\mathrm{SP}_i = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {0\,{\mathrm{if}}\,{\mathrm{Tx}}_i > {\mathrm{th}}\,{\mathrm{and}}\,{\mathrm{Tn}}_i > {\mathrm{th}}\,({\mathrm{no}}\,{\mathrm{snow}})} \hfill \\ {P_i\,{\mathrm{if}}\,{\mathrm{Tx}}_i \le {\mathrm{th}}\,{\mathrm{and}}\,{\mathrm{Tn}}_i \le {\mathrm{th}}\,({\mathrm{all}}\,{\mathrm{snow}})} \hfill \\ {P_i\frac{{\mathrm{th}} - {\mathrm{Tn}}_i}{{\mathrm{Tx}_i - {\mathrm{Tn}}_i}}{\mathrm{if}}\,{\mathrm{Tx}}_i > {\mathrm{th}}\,{\mathrm{and}}\,{\mathrm{Tn}}_i \le {\mathrm{th}}\,({\mathrm{mixed}}\,{\mathrm{snow}}/{\mathrm{precipitation})}} \hfill \end{array}} \right.$$, $$M_i = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{{{\mathrm{SDDF}}}} \times \left( {\mathrm{Tm}_i - {\mathrm{DDth}}} \right)\,{\mathrm{if}\,{\mathrm{Tm}}}_i \ge {\mathrm{DDth}}} \hfill \\ {0\,{\mathrm{if}\,{\mathrm{Tm}}_i \le {\mathrm{DDth}}}} \hfill \end{array}} \right.$$, $$\mathrm{SDDF} = \frac{{\mathrm{SP}_{\mathrm{{sum}}}}}{{\mathop {\sum}\nolimits_{i = 1}^N {\left( {\mathrm{Tm}_i - \mathrm{DDth}} \right)} }}$$, $$\mathrm{SWE}_i = \mathrm{SWE}_{i - 1} + \left( {\mathrm{SP}_i - M_i} \right)$$, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01575-3.

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