what are plumulaceous feathers

J Biodivers Endanger Species 01:18. Barbs were removed from both vanes of the basal plumulaceous region of each feather (Fig. At the junction of the calamus and rachis is the plumulaceous . B. Component 1 explained 51% of the variation and was positively correlated with the characters that quantified the number of barbules with expanded nodes and the number of expanded nodes on barbules. Publication costs and research support were provided by the U.S. Air Force Bird Aircraft Strike Hazard Team, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico. Due to the opportunistic nature of the sample collection, the feathers used in this study spent an unknown amount of time in the litter bed of this hot and humid environment before collection. Data were analyzed using Systat 9.0 SPSS (1998). The Primer3 output for the designed primers is provided in Online Resource 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2007.247, Rosenberg J, Korsmo FL (2001) Local participation, international politics, and the environment: the World Bank and the Grenada Dove. The discovery of feathers trapped in ancient amber suggests that some species of non-avian dinosaur likely possessed down-like feathers. Theory of the growth and evolution of feather shape. Filoplumes are. [26][27] Approximately 70% of that harvest is from Iceland. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkn201, Kishore R, Reef Hardy W, Anderson VJ et al (2006) Optimization of DNA extraction from low-yield and degraded samples using the BioRobot EZ1 and BioRobot M48. Jenaische Zeitschrift fr Naturwissenschaft 55: 222-496. Roxie Laybourne provided many years of apprenticeship training in feather identification that made such a study possible. 2015). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Reports by Horton (1990) of microbiometric differences in geese and swans (Anserini), and qualitative observations of whistling-ducks (Dendrocygnini), suggest that there may also be microscopic differences in these tribes, thus this warrants further study. 2011; Adam et al. Free Powerpoint download. 2). even more so is unequivocal direct evidence for predatorprey 2008) and were used in all further reconstructions and alignments. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. However, this is not specific to the techniques we describe here and is prevalent in many genetics datasets, though it is not widely documented (Sobel et al. PubMed Central This is known as self-priming and functions to repair DNA damage such as nicks, fragmentation, abasic sites and blocked 3-ends in degraded DNA samples that may inhibit amplification (Diegoli et al. Current ideas about the evolution of feathers are based on dinosaurs (theropods) that actually lived well after Archaeopteryx. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02793.x, Pellens R, Grandcolas P (2016) Phylogenetics and conservation biology: drawing a path into the diversity of life. Wiley, New York, Wilcox RR (2008) Adjusting for unequal variances when comparing means in one-way and two-way fixed effects ANOVA models. 2015). The feathers we are used to seeing are flight and contour. 1998. [26] An eiderdown duvet requires from 600 to 1,600 grams of eiderdown fill; a simple 800 gram duvet sells for about 640,000 Icelandic krna (US$5,116) as of 2021. Clarke, J. To test that target DNA, rather than that of subsidiary material, had been extracted and to ascertain the potential presence of PCR inhibitors, which are common when using non-invasively collected samples (Waits and Paetkau 2005; von Thaden et al. The calamus is the part of the shaft held in the feather follicle on the skin of the bird. 2015). Current Biology 16: R350-R354. J.Govan. [7] It is also found in tinamous and herons. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.095760.109, Suenaga H, Goto M, Furukawa K (2005) DNA Shuffling. The Condor 117:8793. 2012). Photomicrographs comparing plumulaceous feather characters of Anatini (A = Mallard, B = Gadwall) and Aythyini (C = Lesser Scaup, D = Greater Scaup). 2001), feather samples have been used to investigate phylogeny and biogeography (Johnson and Clayton 2000b), and to understand the impact of anthropological processes on genetic structure and gene flow (Fourcade et al. Nucleic Acids Res 27:10561062. This work was funded by the University of Chester. [1] The down feather is considered to be the most "straightforward" of all feather types. 2002; Hackett and Broadfoot 2003; Bonin et al. Chuong, C. M., L. Hou, P. J. Chen, P. Wu, N. Patel, and Y. Chen. In some species, the tips of the barbules on powder down feathers disintegrate, forming fine particles of keratin, which appear as a powder, or "feather dust", among the feathers. Nature 410: 200-204. PLoS ONE 11:19. Omissions? [16] In the Ghost Dance, a religious movement that became particularly widespread among the Plains Indians, each dancer held a painted feather that was tipped with a down feather painted with another color; the feathers were generally those of a crow, which was sacred to the Ghost Dance, or of an eagle, which was sacred to all tribes. [11] Of the various items birds use to line their nests, down feathers provide the most effective insulation, though only when dry; wet down is the least effective insulator. Thesamples chosen were identified by lack of gel band presence, brightness and/or clarity following optimised DNA extraction and amplification (Jacobs et al. 2008; Hogan et al. Archaeopteryx is considered by many to be the first bird, being of about 150 million years of age. However, a study on molecular sexing and microsatellite genotyping of hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) found that despite using larger moulted feathers (with a size greater than 20cm) than in this study, feathers that spent more than 7days in the field and were of poor physical quality, had a low success rate in yielding sufficient DNA for genetic analysis (Presti et al. Birdlife International Conservation Series 15, Rusk BL (2017) Long-term population monitoring of the Critically Endangered Grenada Dove (Leptotila wellsi) on Grenada, West Indies. "GEOL 204 The Fossil Record: Feathered Dragons: The Origins of Birds and of Avian Flight", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennaceous_feather&oldid=1153902673, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 9 May 2023, at 01:17. We propose that this is due to the insulating properties of down. Google Scholar, Bayard De Volo S, Reynolds RT, Douglas MR, Antolin MF (2008) An improved extraction method to increase DNA yield from molted feathers. 2008), which is particularly important given the possibility of potential base errors introduced by primerless PCR (Weber et al. [23] In general, 5060nests will produce about one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of down feathers. Descriptive statistics for each character were compiled for each species to provide comparisons of the microscopic characters among the eighteen species and foraging strategies. Dial, K. P. 2003. Barbules, branching from barbs, are the smallest division of the feather . [5], Powder down, or pulviplumes, is a special type of down that occurs in a few groups of apparently unrelated birds. From animated views of feather microstructure to step-by-step diagrams of the feather growth process, the Feather Biology Slide Collection brings you a visual toolkit for understanding feather biology. Evolution of the morphological innovations of feathers. C.Harkin, and Zhou, Z., P. M. Barrett, and J. Hilton. A heuristic approach is used to select the base with the best local sequence quality score in the case of any mismatches (Bell and Kramvis 2013). Highly degraded DNA can produce poor read length or low quality base calls in the sequence data, particularly at the ends of the trace producing messy end sequences (Bell and Kramvis 2013). The analysis of mtDNA has many practical applications in conservation including species identification as well as presence/absence detection. In the stories of some cultures, the down feathers of an eagle were important gifts given by the bird to the story's hero. Eur J Wildl Res 57:113. We examined plumulaceous feather characters (morphometric and observed pigmentation patterns [qualitative]) within three avian families (Cathartidae, Pandionidae, Accipitridae) occurring . Proc Biol Sci 276:33953402. You must there are over 200,000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one thats only in the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary. 2008). These types of empirical investigations are necessary precursors for more speculative investigations, such as those concerning the functional significance of microscopic feather characters of birds adapted to different ecological environments (Lei et al. Journal of Experimental Zoology 291: 30-57. Condor 102:864870, Johnson KP, Clayton DH (2000b) Nuclear and mitochondrial genes contain similar phylogenetic signal for pigeons and doves (Aves: Columbiformes). The incubation step was increased to 48hours in order to achieve complete sample lysis on samples that are particularly difficult to digest (Bush et al. Catherine Peters. 2008). Highly non-invasive sample collection of material such as moulted feathers, shed skin, faecal samples or environmental DNA (eDNA), which can be collected opportunistically in the field, can eliminate the need to interact with the study species (Bayard De Volo et al. [25] No more than four tonnes of eiderdown is collected from wild nests each year. 2005). On Wednesday for BC14, and then on Thursday for BC15, we began to see the secondary down feathers emerge. Noun. 2012) based on a cytochrome b sequence from the white-tipped dove (Leptotila verreauxi), whose whole mitochondrial genome is available on GenBank, accession number: NC_015190.1 (Pacheco et al. Flight feathers (remiges and rectrices) are specialized types of pennaceous feathers, adapted for high loadings and often strongly asymmetric for improved flight performance. The distance between nodes was measured between the first and second proximal triangular-shaped nodes on proximal barbules. For the feather characters that quantified the number of barbules with expanded nodes and the number of expanded nodes per barbule, five barbules were examined on three separate barbs and averaged for each individual specimen. J F Ornithol 77:136140. In these cases the Emboss Merger local quality score, along with the electropherogram obtained from Eurofins for each sequence (Fig. J Appl Microbiol 89:735743. J., https://doi.org/10.1007/s10310-005-0194-3, Shapiro SS, Francia RS (1972) An approximate analysis of variance test for normality. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:1074710751, Stiller M, Knapp M, Stenzel U et al (2009) Direct multiplex sequencing (DMPS)-a novel method for targeted high-throughput sequencing of ancient and highly degraded DNA. J Forensic Sci 57:15741577. What are the two types of pennaceous feathers? Forensic Sci Int. A quiz to (peak/peek/pique) your interest. 2001. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. 1984, Brom 1991, Dove 1997). Samples were then prepared for sequencing using the Mix2Seq Kit (Eurofins Genomics, Luxembourg) according to the manufacturers instructions and submitted to Eurofins Genomics, where they were sequenced using Sanger sequencing methods. These fluffy feathers, called " plumulaceous ," grow in tracts, or rows, that are layered more or less evenly across the skin. 2008). Most feathers, however, fall into two basic types. Seven to ten downy barbs were removed from the contour breast feathers of 815 museum specimens (Smithsonian Institution) of males in breeding plumage for each species. Pin-feathers begin to emerge around Day 12 after hatch, and today at Bluff City, right on time, BC14s and B15s wings show a thin line of dark brown feathers at the back edge of the wing. Buffer AE contains the organic compound Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, (HOCH2)3CNH2)] and EDTA [Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (C10H16N2O8)] which functions to rehydrate the nucleic acids and release DNA from the silica membrane. This is advantageous, particularly for research on sensitive species and ecosystems, as it minimises the level of disturbance to the wildlife and prioritises the welfare of individuals being investigated (Dai et al. Moreover, for endangered and sensitive species, it can be difficult to obtain permits for more intrusive sampling methods, which in some cases are considered unethical (Segelbacher 2002). Flight feathers are found in two places on birds: the wings and tail. 2, More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary, Expanded definitions, etymologies, and usage notes. Pennaceous feathers have a rachis with vanes or vaxillum spreading to either side. The Hopi rubbed eagle down feathers over rattlesnakes being collected for their Snake Dances, in an effort to soothe and calm the reptiles. Therefore, the number of expanded nodes per barbule was recorded for five separate barbules on three barbs and averaged for each individual specimen. European Journal of Dermatology 11: 286-292. 2004). found around the eye and mouth Semiplumes intermediate feather type between pennaceous and plumulaceous feathers which lack a rachis. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6570, Nelson HP, Devenish-Nelson ES, Rusk BL et al (2018) A call to action for climate change research on Caribbean dry forests. It is actually intermediate between the birds that we see flying around in our backyards and the predatory dinosaurs like Deinonychus. https://doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot094698, Marucco F, Boitani L, Pletscher DH, Schwartz MK (2011) Bridging the gaps between non-invasive genetic sampling and population parameter estimation. Mol Ecol 13:32613273. Gong, E., L. D. Martin, D. A. Burnham, and A. R. Falk. https://doi.org/10.1086/338920, Speller CF, Nicholas GP, Yang DY (2011) Feather barbs as a good source of mtDNA for bird species identification in forensic wildlife investigations. PCR was conducted on a TECHNE TC-3000 thermocycler (Bibby Scientific Ltd; Stone) using the following conditions optimised for this primer set: initial denaturation at 95C for 5min, 45 cycles of 95C for 30s, 48C for 30s, 72C for 60s and a final extension at 72C for 5min. The shaft has blood vessels running through it as it grows, hence the name blood feather, sometimes also called a pen- or pin-feather (adapted from pennaceous). Microraptor - the four-winged dinosaur that ate birds. [3] The dust produced from powder down feathers is a known allergen in humans. (2000), who increased the successful amplification of ancient DNA from bone samples when investigating the population bottleneck of the northern elephant seal (Weber et al. Los no zambullidores tambin presentaron mayor densidad de nodos expandidos por brbula, nodos ms anchos, distancias ms cortas entre nodos expandidos y brbulas ms largas. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 1989; Hanson and Ballantyne 2005) as this can lead to a higher prevalence of decomposing microorganisms such as fungi, mould spores and keratin-degrading microorganisms, which can damage the DNA (Sangali and Brandelli 2000; Vili et al. These feathers appear to lack pigmentation as preserved, suggesting a pale or white appearance in life. The plumulaceous, or downy, feather has soft, tangled plumes that provide lightweight insulation. The PCR reaction was subjected to the same cycling parameters as used in the primerless PCR stage: initial denaturation at 95C for 5min, 10 cycles of 95C for 30s, 55C for 30s, 72C for 60s, 35 cycles of 95C for 30s, 50C for 30s, 72C for 60s and a final extension at 72C for 5min. Data pertaining to phylogenetics have multiple conservation implications including evolutionary divergence and speciation, along with phylogeography and rates of change relating to morphology and behaviour of a species (Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.3791/56815, Article 1985. The shaft runs the length of the feather and is divided into the calamus and the rachis. [27] Higher fill-power downs will thus insulate better than lower fill-power downs of the same weight. 2). Avian Res 6:24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40657-015-0034-x, Debode F, Marien A, Janssen et al (2017) The influence of amplicon length on real-time PCR results. Am J Hum Genet 70:496508. PubMed Zoologica Scripta 14: 137-153. Regal, P. J. Redheads are shallow feeders Woodin and Michot (2002) and Ring-necked Ducks feed by making shallow dives and tipping up in water at depths generally less than 1.5 m Hohman and Eberhardt (1998). 7th ed. 2016; Rusk 2017). https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12875, Pacheco MA, Battistuzzi FU, Lentino M et al (2011) Evolution of modern birds revealed by mitogenomics: timing the radiation and origin of major orders. Most Anatinae have both expanded and pronged nodes on the same barb. Science 340: 690-692. The pennaceous feather is a type of feather present in most modern birds and in some other species of maniraptoriform dinosaurs. 2013). In: The evolution of life (S. Tax, ed. Conservation Genet Resour 12, 457467 (2020). In pennaceous feathers, the initial barbules were large and elongated or pyriform in shape, while plumulaceous feathers had small, thin, elongated initial barbules. 2008). ( b) Distal barbule of pennaceous feather. The down of birds is a layer of fine feathers found under the tougher exterior feathers. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to demonstrate the utility of primerless PCR to increase DNA quality for degraded non-invasive feather samples and demonstrates that this technique can be applied to a variety of non-invasive samples collected in the field. 2000; Bohmann et al. 2013). A.Gebauer, and We would like to thank the Forest and National Parks Department of the Government of Grenada, in particular Anthony Jeremiah and Doland Francis, along with the Grenada Dove Conservation Programme for providing us with the samples. Conservation Genetics Resources Feathers are used to unlock a wide variety of masks for Haven, one of this seasons Battle Pass skins which has been locked up until the most recent update. Dyck, J. DNA extraction using the optimised method resulted in a visible band on the gel at the 203bp target region of avian cyt b for 154 out of 158 (97.5%) of the feathers being used in this study (Table2) thus confirming target DNA rather than subsidiary material had been amplified. the area where barbs . Barbs consist of a rachilla with vanules on either side which in turn are made up of barbules. A Kovalev, AE Filippov, SN Gorb (2014) Unzipping bird feathers. Although using half the recommended volume of elution buffer decreases the DNA yield, the aim was to increase the final concentration of DNA as it is well documented that a higher concentration of starting DNA in PCR reactions improves the likelihood of successful DNA amplification (Kishore et al. For example, sample 69 (Fig. strain kr2. relationships. 2009; Vili et al. Das problem der diastataxie des vogelflgels. [6] In other species, powder grains come from cells that surround the barbules of growing feathers. 2000). Proceedings of the Royal Society B 275: 1197-1202. Natal down is the layer of down feathers that cover most birds at some point in their early development. O'Connor et al. 2009. A diverse assemblage of Late Cretaceous dinosaur and bird feathers from Canadan amber. The model with laterally abducted hindwings represents a biologically and aerodynamically reasonable configuration for this four-winged gliding animal. Ecol Appl 10:283294, Moritz C (1994) Applications of mitochondrial DNA analysis in conservation: a critical review. 2006; Rohland and Hofreiter 2007; Graziano et al. J For Res 11:125129. A natural history of ducks (unabridged version). This process performs the dual function of helping to insulate the eggs and exposing the female's brood patchan area of bare skin, rich in blood vessels, which transmits heat very efficiently. PCR products were separated and visualised using agarose-gel electrophoresis. A diverse assemblage of Late Cretaceous dinosaur and bird feathers from Canadan amber. Basal plumulaceous. In conclusion, the optimised user-developed DNA extraction protocol, along with the use of the primerless PCR technique, and a small amplicon PCR strategy, are sufficient to enable DNA extraction and mtDNA amplification from moulted plumulaceous feathers collected non-invasively and opportunistically in the field. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. 2013). On the origin of avian flight: compromise and system approaches. This nest is live-streamed online by East Tennessee State University, and photos are used with permission. A well-known result of this problem is the temporal paradox argument that is sometimes made against the theropod hypothesis of avian origins (i.e., how could birds evolve from theropods when the theropods seemingly most like those that gave rise to birds actually existed after birds evolved). At the Bluff City nest in Tennessee this week (March 17-23, 2019) we are witnessing the three phases of feather development on a growing eaglet. In: meteostat.net. Nature 464: 1338- 1341. The diving ducks (Aythyini and Mergini) averaged fewer than two expanded nodes per barbule, whereas dabbling species (Anatini) averaged nearly three expanded nodes per barbule. Primary: one of the wing's outer flight feathers, which are attached to the fused bones of the bird's "hand." Most bird species have 9-10 primaries. In contrast, plumulaceous feathers with different branching and presence or absence of barbules were all possible at the same time providing a specific morphogenetic process in barb ridges was present (Figure 18, Figure 20). Nevertheless, we have demonstrated that plumulaceous feathers that are found in the field do not necessarily need to be excluded from sample sets as they can still be utilised to yield informative data. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NBT.2011.03.001, Article Further, attempts to quantify feather characters in Charadriiformes have shown evidence of generic differentiation Dove (1997), phylogenetic signal, and possible convergence in some feather characters Dove (2000). 2009). Therefore, an improved method is needed to increase the biological value of low quality samples which have been kept in non-optimal conditions; particularly for endangered or elusive species for which invasive sampling methods are not possible (Broquet et al. American Zoologist 40: 530-539. The plumulaceous, or downy, feather has soft, tangled plumes that provide lightweight insulation. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33: 277-299. A new feather type in a nonavian theropod and the early evolution of feathers. A closer look at the diving and foraging habits of the Canvasback, which clustered closest to the dabbling ducks, provides a possible explanation for the similarities in microscopic characters for this species. Conserv Biol 31:872882. [3] There are three types of down: natal down, body down and powder down. Kurochkin, E. N., and I. O'Connor, J., Z. Zhou, and X. Xu. Xu, X., X. Zheng, and H. You. J Avian Biol 36:8488. ), pp. Nat Protoc 2:17561762. Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Mills LS, Citta JJ, Lair KP et al (2000) Estimating animal abundance using noninvasive DNA sampling: promise and pitfalls. 1984, Brom 1991, Dove 1997).Further, attempts to quantify feather characters in Charadriiformes have shown evidence of generic differentiation Dove (1997), phylogenetic signal, and possible convergence in some . 20 stage V, H-I is the more primitive. 1999. The long pennaceous leg feathers of Anchiornis, like those previously described for Microraptor and Pedopenna and Anchiornis, indicate that they served an aerodynamic function. Prum, R. O., and A. H. Brush. Internship support for Ana Agreda was provided by a National Science Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates (DBI-9820303) grant and funds from the Smithsonian Women's Committee. BioScience 53: 451-453. i) Feathers are made of a unique form of beta-keratin (different from that found in modern reptiles, and from that found in your fingernails and hair). 2019). This article about ornithology is a stub. Pillows provide the most common source of exposure, though mattresses, comforters, outerwear and upholstery can also cause problems. Although this study focused on differences between the dabbling and diving tribes, two species of sea ducks (Mergini), Black Scoter (Melanitta nigra) and Long-tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis), were examined for comparison of feather characters in closely allied but distinct taxonomic groups. PeerJ 7:e6570. The origin of birds. Therefore, both DNA extraction success rate and DNA concentration were increased by the optimised protocol. The number of barbules (e.g., three out of five) with expanded, triangular-shaped nodes present was recorded and averaged for each specimen. Springer, Cham, pp 115, Chapter Within a few days, even while the thermal down is still growing, the follicles that produced the natal down will begin to produce pennaceous feathers, ones with a central shaft that makes them stiff, and barbs and barbules that lock together. 2001. Sequencing error can lead to misidentification of individuals, misinterpretations and erroneous conclusions to be drawn from genetic analysis of relatedness and population structure (Hogan et al. Ardeola 54:331334, An Y, Chen L, Sun S et al (2011) QuikChange shuffling: a convenient and robust method for site-directed mutagenesis and random recombination of homologous genes. PCR was conducted using illustra PuReTaq Ready-To-Go PCR Beads (GE HEALTHCARE; Chicargo) with a final volume of 25l containing ~2.5 units of recombinant PuReTaq DNA polymerase, 200M of dNTPs in 10mM TrisHCl, 50mM KCl and 1.5mM MgCl2 stabilizers, BSA and reaction buffer, 5l of DNA template and a negative control using sterile H2O. [22], For centuries, humans across the globe have used down feathers for insulation. 2017), avian cytochrome b (cyt b), was amplified. 2013; Thiel et al. Anal Biochem 346:246257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-019-01117-8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-019-01117-8. See Table 1 for character definitions. An exceptional amber assemblage is reported of larval molts (exuviae) intimately associated with plumulaceous feather and other remains, as well as three additional amber pieces . [9] Pollutants can reduce the efficiency of these functions. Summary statistics (mean SD) for five microscopic feather characters of Anatini (dabbling ducks), Aythyini (diving ducks) and Mergini (sea ducks). 2015), and these methods have the potential to cause stress and affect the behaviour of an individual, even if such effects are short term (Broquet et al. 2005; Bayard De Volo et al. The third step we adopted was a small amplicon strategy to successfully amplify and sequence three small overlapping amplicons, which were combined to construct a longer and more informative section of the gene. All characters fit normal distribution curves. nonavian theropod Microraptor gui from the Early Cretaceous Plumage End-Cretaceous mass extinction 1.

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