what is normal blood viscosity level

Flow velocity in a given tube depends on pressure and flow resistance. RBC aggregation depends on both plasma and cellular factors. Oncol. Viscosity, Serum - High serum viscosity may be most commonly observed in patients with Waldenstrm's macroglobulinemia and multiple myeloma. Exerc. Blood 61, 899910. Initial experiments done to analyze RBC deformability in blood flow were conducted in the 1970s and 1980s using microtubes (Goldsmith et al., 1972) and rheoscopes (Fischer et al., 1978). J. Med. doi: 10.14814/phy2.12338. Physiol. The effects of acute exercise in healthy individuals are dependent on exercise modality, intensity, duration and physical fitness of the subjects. First, when RBC aggregation was increased by 50100%, the authors observed a rise in blood flow resistance. These neurological manifestations are due to decreased blood flow to the central nervous system and deposition of paraproteins within the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves. Unlike water, blood is non-Newtonian because its viscosity increases at low flow velocities (e.g., during circulatory shock). 30, 111118. Physiol. (2017). Int. Thromb. Both hematocrit and plasma viscosity influence blood viscosity. Viscosity is the property of fluids to resist flow. Transfus. Normal serum viscosity relative to water is 1.4 to 1.8 cp 1. Effects of individualized treadmill endurance training on oxidative stress in skeletal muscles of transgenic sickle mice. (2018). However, this has to be performed with caution because aggressive plasma exchange can cause the elimination of clotting factors, albumin, and platelets. Blood viscosity is the measure used to calculate the extent of resistance to blood flowing in arteries, capillaries, or blood vessels while performing its primary function of transporting food and oxygen to all tissues in the body, in addition to determining the strength of the bonding between its molecules, and it is indicated that viscosity depends on two basic factors, These are: the amount of proteins available in the blood plasma, and the number of red blood cells. Scand. 48, 326331. The addition of formed elements to plasma (red cells, white cells, and platelets) further increases the viscosity. Exerc. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Does exercise-induced hypoxemia modify lactate influx into erythrocytes and hemorheological parameters in athletes? Blood 79, 21542163. (2013). J. Pediatr. In vivo hemorheology, in Handbook of Hemorheology and Hemodynamics, eds O. K. Baskurt, M. R. Hardeman, M. W. Rampling, and H. J. Meiselman, (Amsterdam: IOS Press), 322338. 56, 4145. Therefore, RBC must be highly deformable to pass through the narrowest vessels of the microcirculation. One of the most important molecules that promotes an augmentation in vascular diameter (i.e., vasodilation) is nitric oxide (NO). However, the slight remaining changes in blood viscosity observed during exercise were still correlated with the magnitude of changes in NO-end products concentration, suggesting that blood viscosity plays a role in promoting NO production during exercise (Connes et al., 2013b). (2002). Am Fam Physician. Cokelet, G. R., and Goldsmith, H. L. (1991). Haematologica 96, 15891594. Looking for Reference Ranges? doi: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2015.10.005, Charlot, K., Waltz, X., Hedreville, M., Sinnapah, S., Lemonne, N., Etienne-Julan, M., et al. The mainstays of treatment include supportive therapy, plasma exchange or plasmapheresis, and chemotherapy. On the whole, these changes lead to a rise in blood viscosity during acute cycling exercise. Sci. A recent elegant study shown that when the changes in temperature occurring during exercise are took into account in the measurements of blood viscosity, there is no difference between the pre- and post-exercise values (Buono et al., 2016). Proc. How thick or thin your blood is depends on many factors. (2003) found that RBC aggregation decreased after a Wingate exercise test. Viscosity denotes opposition to flow. (1987). The commonly observed symptoms are related to circulatory decline of vital organ function, leading to complaints of headache, visual symptoms, shortness of breath, bleeding complications such as nosebleeds, and eventually mental status changes. (2003) and Connes et al. 11, 429439. (2017). Therefore, one should wait until after plasmapheresis has reduced serum viscosity before transfusing 15. Regarding metabolic syndrome, the two main factors . 51, 411. However, it has been demonstrated that some RBC aggregates can persist in large arteries and affect flow dynamics. 72, 221227. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1981.50.6.1255. Med. doi: 10.3233/CH-2010-1252, Verger, E., Schoevaert, D., Carrivain, P., Victor, J. M., Lapoumeroulie, C., and Elion, J. (2013b) shown that 15 min of cycling exercise performed at a submaximal intensity increased blood viscosity measured at 90 s1. 51, 101109. Plasma volume, osmolality, vasopressin, and renin activity during graded exercise in man. Motricit 83, 4147. Hemorheol. Due to the shear thinning property of blood, which is dependent on RBC rheological properties, the viscosity of this fluid changes depending on the hemodynamic conditions. In healthy individuals, the vascular system can adapt to elevations in blood viscosity because increased shear stress results in endothelium-dependent NO production. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1025826, Gellen, B., Messonnier, L. A., Galacteros, F., Audureau, E., Merlet, A. N., Rupp, T., et al. Neurological findings can include a headache, neuropathic syndromes, generalized stupor, coma, dizziness, ataxia, hearing impairment, seizures, and stroke syndromes. J. Haematol. Hyperviscosity syndrome is a condition that occurs when your blood becomes so thick that your body's overall blood flow decreases. This internal friction contributes to the resistance to flow, as described by Poiseuille's equation. Physiol. The bridging model suggests that aggregates form due to crossbridges, made of plasma proteins or other macromolecules (Rampling et al., 2004). doi: 10.1182/blood-2013-10-534982, Badawy, S. M., Payne, A. An increase in circulating proteins can also affect platelet aggregation and cause prolonged bleeding time. Brun, J. F., Supparo, C., Rama, D., Benezis, C., and Orsetti, A. Moderate exercise promotes human RBC-NOS activity, NO production and deformability through Akt kinase pathway. Clin. Scand. 52, 1526. 2018 Jun 01;97(11):741-748. The viscosity of blood is 4-6 times that of water, it depends on the number of red blood cells. Serum, plasma or whole blood viscosity measurements can be useful in patients with hyperviscosity syndromes due to multiple myeloma or Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. (1988). This should raise suspicion for an underlying increase in serum viscosity. Biol. J. The magnitude of plasma volume expansion ranges from 9 to 25%, corresponding to an additional 300 to 700 ml of plasma. Clin. J. Appl. However, several works conducted in the past 1015 years have shown that, in a physiological context, the parameters of this equation cannot be considered to be truly independent of each other. (2018). (2005), Tsai et al. doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2006.07.001. Acute cycling exercise can also modulate RBC deformability. For example, RBCs need to be highly deformable to easily flow through small capillaries and transport oxygen to the tissues (Parthasarathi and Lipowsky, 1999). Suhr et al. Hemorheol. J. Appl. Impaired oxygen uptake efficiency slope and off-transient kinetics of pulmonary oxygen uptake in sickle cell anemia are associated with hemorheological abnormalities. doi: 10.1002/pbc.26455, Renoux, C., Faivre, M., Bessaa, A., Da Costa, L., Joly, P., Gauthier, A., et al. doi: 10.3233/CH-2011-1469, Salazar Vazquez, B. Y., Cabrales, P., Tsai, A. G., and Intaglietta, M. (2011). 19, 89104. 83, 746752. s/m 2. Blood Cells Mol. The hydrophobic residue of valine associates with other hydrophobic residues, which causes HbS molecules to aggregate, forming fibrous precipitates when hemoglobin is deoxygenated. Hemorheol. Hemorheol. Role of exercise-induced oxidative stress in sickle cell trait and disease. Br. Environ. Sports Med. 99, 14341441. (2013). PLoS One 11:e0158182. Is there a relationship between the hematocrit-to-viscosity ratio and microvascular oxygenation in brain and muscle? Physical activity limits pulmonary endothelial activation in sickle cell SAD mice. Hearing loss, either completely or partially. There is controversy over whether whole blood viscosity versus serum viscosity is superior, but most clinical laboratories measure the viscosity of the serum component of blood. Increasing red cell hematocrit increases relative viscosity. Sickle RBC are rigid, and therefore do not easily flow through the microcirculation, causing frequent vaso-occlusive episodes in affected patients. We aimed to investigate the effect of blood viscosity on stroke occurrence and the clinical utility of blood viscosity measurements obtained immediately upon hospital arrival.<break . Low values of resting blood viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation are associated with lower increases in blood lactate during submaximal exercise. Fatigue, general fatigue, in addition to laziness and lethargy. (2011). Gonzales, J. U., Parker, B. doi: 10.1182/blood-2012-04-424184, Bartolucci, P., Chaar, V., Picot, J., Bachir, D., Habibi, A., Fauroux, C., et al. 24, 1827. Brun, J. F., Fons, C., Supparo, C., Mallard, C., and Orsetti, A. Hyperviscosity syndrome is the pathological condition in which blood is thicker than normal and therefore flow is reduced. Connes, P. (2010). 253, 29622963. However, Connes et al. Rep. 9:11813. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48364-1, Grau, M., Pauly, S., Ali, J., Walpurgis, K., Thevis, M., Bloch, W., et al. Brun, J. F., Supparo, C., Mallard, C., and Orsetti, A. These findings clearly show that studies in the field of exercise hemorheology should consider the effects of various physiological factors for better interpretation about the role of blood viscosity in the cardiovascular adaptations and physical fitness. Slight increases of the plasma soluble forms of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were noted at the end of the exercise in SCA patients, suggesting slight endothelial activation (Faes et al., 2014). 49, 151163. Red blood cells have unique mechanical behavior, which can be discussed under the terms erythrocyte deformability and erythrocyte aggregation4. Thank you for subscribing. Esophageal cancer is a deadly cancer that includes the subtypes of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Blood 107, 29432951. However, if a persons hand is exposed to a cold environment and the fingers become cold, the blood temperature in the fingers falls and viscosity increases, which together with sympathetic-mediated vasoconstriction decreases blood flow in the cooled region. Castillo JJ, Garcia-Sanz R, Hatjiharissi E, Kyle RA, Leleu X, McMaster M, Merlini G, Minnema MC, Morra E, Owen RG, Poulain S, Stone MJ, Tam C, Varettoni M, Dimopoulos MA, Treon SP, Kastritis E. Recommendations for the diagnosis and initial evaluation of patients with Waldenstrm Macroglobulinaemia: A Task Force from the 8th International Workshop on Waldenstrm Macroglobulinaemia. Increased blood viscosity: disease, adaptation or treatment? Ballestri M, Ferrari F, Magistroni R, Mariano M, Ceccherelli GB, Milanti G, De Palma M, Albertazzi A. To avoid large dehydration during exercise, sportsmen usually drink water or carbohydrate-rich drinks. Exerc. 69, 2335. 88, 20742080. Physiol. Core temperature rises during exercise and it is well known that blood viscosity also depends on temperature (Baskurt et al., 2009). This delayed effect of exercise on RBC aggregate strength could be beneficial from a clinical point of view since this parameter is associated with risk of acute chest syndrome (Lamarre et al., 2012), and is increased during vaso-occlusive crises (Lapoumeroulie et al., 2019). Sickle cell anemia patients have decreased aerobic physical fitness compared to the general population (Connes et al., 2011). Greater erythrocyte deformability in world-class endurance athletes. Plasmas viscosity is determined by water-content and macromolecular components, so these factors that affect blood viscosity are the plasma protein concentration and types of proteins in the plasma 5. The pathologic rise of acellular components can either be monoclonal or polyclonal. However, it is often difficult to determine whether the detected abnormalities are the true cause or effect of clinical thrombotic events. Pallis, F. R., Conran, N., Fertrin, K. Y., Olalla Saad, S. T., Costa, F. F., and Franco-Penteado, C. F. (2014). The same blood can have a viscosity value of 60 cP at a shear rate of 0.1 s1, whereas the viscosity would be 5 or 6 cP at a shear rate of 200 s1. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Microcirc. These results indicate that regular moderate exercise is safe and feasible in children with SCA. Decreased sickle red blood cell adhesion to laminin by hydroxyurea is associated with inhibition of Lu/BCAM protein phosphorylation. Paramtres hmorhologiques et exercice physique. Moreover, several groups have suggested that oxidative stress could also play a role in the decreased RBC deformability through the oxidation of membrane lipid and protein components (Senturk et al., 2005a, b; Connes et al., 2013b). Surprisingly, Nader et al. Microcirc 31, 311318. Exercise in sickle cell anemia: effect on inflammatory and vasoactive mediators. Blood viscosity can be reduced by anemia, thrombocytopenia or hemodilution due to plasma volume replacement. However, the magnitude of the change in RBC deformability that occurs during exercise seems to depend on the training status and physical fitness of the subjects. Hakim, T. S. (1988). . At a normal hematocrit of 40%, the relative viscosity of blood is about 4. Plasma viscosity: a forgotten variable. Clin. Experiments performed on large glass tubes also shown that the consequences of RBC aggregation on flow resistance are dependent on the orientation of the tube (vertical vs. horizontal) (Cokelet and Goldsmith, 1991). Physiol. Stephenson, L. A., and Kolka, M. A. Although the loss of RBC deformability is a fundamental characteristic of SCA, patients exhibit varying degrees of RBC rigidity, which can differentially affect SCA disease severity and complications (Renoux et al., 2016). (2016) demonstrated that exosomes isolated from SCA patients with frequent vaso-occlusive crises decreased endothelial permeability and promoted P-selectin expression on cultured endothelial cells. Blood circulates inside the veins and arteries and performs many important physiological functions. Several other groups found a slight increase in RBC deformability during running (Suhr et al., 2012) and cycling (Connes et al., 2009) exercises. Blood Rev. It has been shown that the larger the reduction in plasma volume during exercise, the greater the subsequent plasma volume expansion (Fellmann, 1992). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-. Increased RBC aggregation has been shown to promote RBC axial migration in these vessels, which in turn increases the cell free layer width (Baskurt and Meiselman, 2007). Isbister, J. P. (1997). Jelkmann W. Erythropoietin. Blood 125, 38053814. RBC aggregates usually form in low shear rate areas, such as in veins or in bifurcations. (2001) demonstrated that episodes of intrahepatic hypoxia-reoxygenation, which can occur in SCA, induce the release of plasma XO. Ploutz-Snyder, L. L., Convertino, V. A., and Dudley, G. A. Rheologic predictors of the severity of the painful sickle cell crisis. reads. J. Med. 25, 569574. Physiol. In general, hyperviscosity in IgG myeloma is extremely uncommon. Microcirc 36, 319326. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199213010-00004, Fischer, T. M., Stohr-Lissen, M., and Schmid-Schonbein, H. (1978). Finally, an increase in RBC aggregation of over 150% caused blood flow resistance to increase once again. If prompt plasmapheresis cannot be obtained, a temporizing measure that can be performed emergently is intravenous phlebotomy. 10:1329. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01329. Relationship between fitness and blood fluidity. 288, H1730H1739. Bartolucci, P., Brugnara, C., Teixeira-Pinto, A., Pissard, S., Moradkhani, K., Jouault, H., et al. Dis. Addiction to smoking, whether cigarettes or hookah. Water and ion shifts in skeletal muscle of humans with intense dynamic knee extension. Red blood cells have the greatest influence on the blood's viscosity, since they account for up to half its volume. (2003) reported that several eNOS inhibitors also decreased RBC deformability, suggesting that basal release of NO actively maintains RBC deformability. Finally, Barbeau et al. Normally, shear stress-independent plasma viscosity contributes only to a tenth or less to whole blood viscosity8. Brun, J. F., Criqui, C., and Orsetti, A. Hemorheol. Sci. (2013) further extended these findings by showing that RBC NOS activation by pharmacological treatment (insulin) increased RBC NO content and improved RBC deformability through direct S-nitrosylation of cytoskeleton proteins, most likely the - and -spectrins. Exercise performance, red blood cell deformability, and lipid peroxidation: effects of fish oil and vitamin E. J. Appl. There is a growing interest from the runners community to participate to very prolonged race (>100 kms), sometimes performed at high altitude. Indeed, the subject ran at 77% of his maximal aerobic velocity determined on the treadmill and reached a heart rate of 92% of his maximal heart rate. The authors estimated that the combined effects of increasing shear rate and hyperthermia during exercise could decrease blood viscosity by 31% below the pre-exercise levels, in spite of the exercise induced hemoconcentration (Buono et al., 2016). Hydroxyurea treatment does not increase blood viscosity and improves red blood cell rheology in sickle cell anemia. While extracellular sources of NO may impact the deformability of RBC, several works suggest that endogenous RBC NO synthesis may also modulate RBC deformability (Kleinbongard et al., 2006). (1997). Am. (2013). Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary disease that causes pathological changes in blood rheology that ultimately contribute to the development of vascular dysfunction and disease complications. Whole blood viscosity is dependent on the number (and volume) of erythrocytes in the blood, and is thus linearly related to hematocrit (Chien et al., 1975). Copyright 2019 Vinmec. (2015) reported higher concentrations of soluble VCAM-1 in the plasma of SCA patients at rest compared to a control group, but progressive and maximal exercise tests did not induce any further rise of VCAM-1. (2014). Relashionships between fitness and blood viscosity in untrained normal short children. (2018) found a higher proportion of young deformable RBCs in athletes than in untrained subjects. University of California, San Diego, United States, School of Medicine, Ko University, Trkiye. (2009). Hemorheol. doi: 10.3233/CH-141891, Charrin, E., Aufradet, E., Douillard, A., Romdhani, A., Souza, G. D., Bessaad, A., et al. No exact. 142, 4148. Faes, C., Balayssac-Siransy, E., Connes, P., Hivert, L., Danho, C., Bogui, P., et al. J. Physiol. Hemorheol. 2016;47:115-27. PLoS One 8:e56759. The viscosity of water is 1 cp. Normal value of blood viscosity is 2.3 - 4.1 centipoise at 37 degrees Celsius. Hyperviscosity syndrome is an oncological emergency, and timely treatment can prevent life-threatening complications such as thromboembolic events, myocardial infarction, and catastrophic ischemia that results in multiple organ failure. Vinmec is not responsible for any cases of self-application without a doctor's prescription. Crit. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2012.066670, Lanotte, L., Mauer, J., Mendez, S., Fedosov, D. A., Fromental, J. M., Claveria, V., et al. Ist. Sports Med. Microcirc 57, 922. Rigid RBCs, on the other hand, cannot properly deform into an ellipse and remain perpendicular to blood flow, consequently increasing vascular resistance. 57, 373381. doi: 10.3233/CH-16136, Tripette, J., Alexy, T., Hardy-Dessources, M. D., Mougenel, D., Beltan, E., Chalabi, T., et al. Therefore, elevated blood viscosity can increase vascular resistance. Sci. Context in source publication. The role of nitric oxide in regulation of deformability of red blood cells in acute phase of endotoxaemia in rats. Vinmec is happy to send you the latest news by email. Nevertheless, hematocrit has the strongest impact on whole blood viscosity. (1998). Attenuated maximal muscle strength and peak power in children with sickle cell disease. (1995). Viscosity is measured in the unit of centipoise (cp). The treatment of this syndrome can be through several methods, namely: 2020 - HealthMeth - All Rights Reserved, Methods of treating blood viscosity syndrome. Physiol. The shear thinning property of blood is mainly attributed to red blood cell (RBC) rheological properties. Blood viscosity is an important determinant of local flow characteristics, which exhibits shear thinning behavior: it decreases exponentially with increasing shear rates. }); The content on this website is intended for informational and educational purposes only. Reduced fitness and abnormal cardiopulmonary responses to maximal exercise testing in children and young adults with sickle cell anemia. Sci. PLoS One 8:e79680. However, when the viscosity of the blood sampled at the end of exercise was measured at 225 s1 (which reflects the shear rate reached during exercise), the mean value was almost identical to the viscosity of the blood sampled before exercise and measured at 90 s1. Of these formed elements, red cells have the greatest effect on viscosity. The rate of dehydration was around 1.52% in these studies, which is not very severe. Autoregulation and mechanotransduction control the arteriolar response to small changes in hematocrit. Chien, S., King, R. G., Skalak, R., Usami, S., and Copley, A. L. (1975). Normal plasma at 37 degrees Celsius has a viscosity of around 1.21.3 cP, but these values may be higher in various inflammatory, metabolic, or cardiovascular diseases (Kesmarky et al., 2008). (2012). 269, R536R543. The slight physiological hyperthermia was shown to increase RBC deformability, which compensated the rise in hematocrit and resulted in a lack of change in blood viscosity. If their percentage in the blood increases, a person will develop blood viscosity syndrome. Normally, blood temperature does not change much in the body. Microcirc 44, 5561. Physiol. Physiol. Clin Hemorheol. Low flow states permit increased molecular interactions to occur between red cells and between plasma proteins and red cells. (1977). J. 59, 3743. 312, R39R40. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162652, Aufradet, E., Douillard, A., Charrin, E., Romdhani, A., De Souza, G., Bessaad, A., et al. Plasma's viscosity is determined by water-content and macromolecular components, so these factors that affect blood viscosity are the plasma protein concentration and types of proteins in the plasma. Hemorheol. In individuals who are not under HU therapy, the presence or absence of alpha-thalassemia can also modulate RBC deformability (Renoux et al., 2017), as the inheritance of alpha-thalassemia results in decreased production of HbS (Rees et al., 2010) and thus lower HbS polymerization. Blood viscosity also increases with increases in red cell aggregability. However, there is limited evidence to date regarding the role of high blood viscosity in acute thrombogenic events. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(18)30163-7. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095317. However, evidence shows that these vascular adaptations can only occur in a functioning vascular system with a healthy endothelium. 69, 503514. Medline . Blood 72, 12161223. Exercise-induced oxidative stress leads hemolysis in sedentary but not trained humans. Blood tissue consists of blood cells called red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and extracellular fluid called plasma. (2003). For example, RBC surface properties, including surface charge and glycocalyx depth, also play an important role in this process. Lower limb ischemia and microrheological alterations in patients with diabetic retinopathy. However, blood viscosity, through its effects on wall shear stress, is a key modulator of nitric oxide (NO) production by the endothelial NO-synthase. They also showed that increasing blood viscosity promoted the activation of endothelial NO-synthase through shear stress-dependent mechanisms, resulting in higher NO production, compensatory vasodilation, and decreased arterial pressure. J. Haematol. This increase has been attributed to a rise in plasma protein content, such as fibrinogen, 1-globulins, 2-globulins, -globulins, and -globulins during exercise (Nosadova, 1977; Convertino et al., 1981; Vandewalle et al., 1988; Wood et al., 1991). Clin. When vascular dysfunction is present, vasodilation is impaired. Is hemoglobin desaturation related to blood viscosity in athletes during exercise? Natl. Heart Circ. PLoS One 11:e0162652. (2012). The findings suggest that the slight increase in RBC deformability could have compensated for the rise in hematocrit observed during short running events, resulting in a lack of change in blood viscosity. In addition, Bor-Kucukatay et al. The triphasic effects of exercise on blood rheology: which relevance to physiology and pathophysiology? Eur. Georgakopoulos CD, Plotas P, Angelakis A, Kagkelaris K, Tzouvara E, Makri OE. doi: 10.1164/rccm.2002036, Camus, S. M., De Moraes, J. Early red blood cell abnormalities as a clinical variable in sepsis diagnosis. Plasmapheresis may improve clinical condition in sickle cell disease through its effects on red blood cell rheology. Physiol. The best example would be automotive engine oil, which is available in multiple viscosities defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) followed by a number. Blood is a non-Newtonian, shear thinning fluid with thixotropic and viscoelastic properties. Microcirc 28, 139149. 101, 532541. Microcirculation 11, 129151. Indian J. Exp. Biorheology 41, 91112. This relationship becomes increasingly sensitive as hematocrit increases. Microcirc 43, 353354. Description. Sci. Vazquez, B. Y., Vazquez, M. A., Jaquez, M. G., Huemoeller, A. H., Intaglietta, M., and Cabrales, P. (2010). Further research should be conducted to determine how decreased RBC deformability could affect RBC shape transitions. 2008;9(4):265272. Hyperviscosity syndrome is a condition in which blood isn't able to flow freely through your arteries. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158182, Robach, P., Boisson, R. C., Vincent, L., Lundby, C., Moutereau, S., Gergele, L., et al. 8(Suppl. 5, 507510. Any elevation in the concentration of these proteins can cause plasma, and thus whole blood, viscosity to increase (Kesmarky et al., 2008). Using recombinant versions of erythropoietin produced pharmacologically (e.g., epoetin, darbepoetin, and methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta), Perez Rogers A, Estes M. Hyperviscosity Syndrome. Effects of hydration and water deprivation on blood viscosity during a soccer game in sickle cell trait carriers. doi: 10.1113/EP085504, Callahan, L. A., Woods, K. F., Mensah, G. A., Ramsey, L. T., Barbeau, P., and Gutin, B. At high shear rate, it is estimated that a rise of hematocrit of one unit would cause an increase of blood viscosity of 4% (if RBC rheological properties remain the same). Moderate endurance exercise in patients with sickle cell anaemia: effects on oxidative stress and endothelial activation. It is a part of a person's complete blood count results, along . (2016). A., Muntz, D. S., Kwon, S., Montgomery, S., Kemiki, O., Hsu, L. L., et al. Connes, P., Bouix, D., Durand, F., Kippelen, P., Mercier, J., Prefaut, C., et al. Microcirc. (2014) reported increased hemolysis and large plasma volume expansion immediately after a 166-km long mountain ultra-endurance marathon with 9500 m of altitude gain/loss. Short-term management is directed at symptom control, whereas long-term management is directed at controlling the underlying hematologic condition. Retinopathy and visual derangements such as blurred vision or double vision arise because of microvascular changes such as thrombosis or hemorrhage. 65, 16341641. The effect of elevated hematocrit on blood viscosity at high shear rates has been well described (Cokelet and Meiselman, 2007). For instance, Robach et al. Physiology and pathophysiology of blood volume regulation. Ernst, E. (1985). Frequency of pain crises in sickle cell anemia and its relationship with the sympatho-vagal balance, blood viscosity and inflammation.

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